Critical questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical questions - Research Paper Example Firstly, the development of the oil drilling plant in the water leads to congestion in the marine life, in turn, making them migrate to spacious areas. Oil spillage to the water caused by the drilling can lead to the release of toxins. Subsequently, when marine life encounters the toxins, they get genetic disorders and even death. The machines used to drill the oil are operated by humans and use fuel to do a lot of things. These machines usually need cooling occasionally, and the cooling usually takes place in the water. This leads to the transmission of the heat and ends up heating the surrounding water thus cause temperature imbalance1. In turn, this imbalance causes the marine organisms that live the surroundings to migrate to favorable environments. Concurrently, the heat may also lead to the death of the marine life around due to exposure to extreme temperatures. Lastly, offshore drilling leads to pollution in the water by damping wastes such as mud and other rock particles onto the surface of the water. The quest for making the mode of transport more efficient has been there over an exceedingly long period in history. We have evolved from animal transport, to carriage carts and now to cars and more sophisticated modes of transport. Nevertheless, this evolution has come with a cost. Cars have made our day-to-day lives easier making the movement from one place to another fast. The use of cars has led to the environmental degradation through the constant emission of fumes and gasses to the air. These fumes and gasses, when inhaled by human beings and animals, can cause respiratory problems. For example in human beings, apart from the respiratory problems, these fumes with toxins can cause serious diseases like lung cancer. The infiltrations of the harmful fumes have also led to global warming because of allowing the penetration of harmful rays to the ecosystem. This is because of global warming. The extraction of fuel from the earth has also

I am choosing to answer this unit in essay form Essay Example for Free

I am choosing to answer this unit in essay form Essay Personal hygiene can be described as the skill of maintaining one’s body; by grooming and keeping it clean and attractive in appearance. This skill helps to increase a person’s self- esteem, confidence and well- being and physical health. Good personal hygiene reduces any risks of skin complaints, unpleasant smells and bacterial or parasitic infection and it is important to encourage the individuals that I support to maintain their hygiene so that those risks are lowered. I also believe that encouraging an individual to take pride in their appearance may help them to build on their confidence as a person and contributes to a general feeling of comfort in one’s own body and well- being both mentally and physically. Encouraging my clients to take control of their own personal hygiene also ensures that they are making their own choices and decisions about their preferred ways in which to carry out their personal care; for example where an individual chooses to wash, and what product they may want to use. Bathing and showering also promote circulation in the body; exercises muscles and can create a relaxing sensation. Poor personal hygiene can have many effects on an individual’s physical and mental health. Not washing or drying skin effectively can cause it to break down; in turn this could cause a skin infection. Fungal infections can occur when skin is not cleaned and dried correctly or if nails are not kept clean or cut regularly. Fungal infections may occur if hair is not washed regularly and a simple thing like not washing one’s hands after using the toilet could cause infections in the eyes if the individual itches their eyes. Poor oral hygiene can cause gum infections, a lot of pain and removal of teeth as well as bad breath. In severe cases poor personal hygiene could be the cause of an individual experiencing skin infection so acute that they have to be hospitalised. Poor personal hygiene could also start and spread illnesses through contact with food and consumables. This list is not exhaustive. Having poor personal hygiene can affect an individual’s sell-esteem and contribute to feelings of depression or anxiety. Poor personal hygiene could also cause an individual to shy away from society, a person with bad body or clothes odour can cause society to react in a negative way towards them or even judge them as an individual. Having poor personal hygiene can affect the way in which an individual interacts with others and it could cause them to become alienated, embarrassed and in turn they can experience low self-esteem and low self-confidence. All of these factors could contribute to the individual finding it difficult to establish or maintain relationships with others and being generally unhappy. When supporting my clients with their personal care I am careful to firstly ask them what their preferences are and if they feel well or able to have a wash, bath or shower. Bathing or showering may be in a client’s care plan but that does not mean that that client chooses to bath or shower every day; they may want to have a strip wash instead. Being sensitive to an individual’s own skills with regard to washing is also important in maintaining their independence so I always inform my clients that I am there to support them if they need me to do anything in particular and to let me know if they do once I have established what they can do for themselves. I have supported a client that required assistance with washing their hair on a weekly basis and I happened to be the team member who carried out the personal care every week but on coming back to work form annual leave and visiting the client I noticed that the client’s hair was quite greasy and obviously hadn’t been washed. I sat with my client and after establishing that she was well asked her if she would like me to wash her hair as I had plenty of time and reminded her of how good she felt after I’d washed her hair in the past. While we were in the bathroom and I was washing the client’s hair I asked her if she felt ok and if she felt comfortable with the other members of my team supporting her with washing her hair. My client said that she didn’t feel comfortable or safe with somebody else washing her hair because they hadn’t seen the way that it was done and that when I was not able to attend that particular visit she chose not to ask my other team members for support with washing her hair. On drying my client’s hair I remarked â€Å"now does that feel better? † after which my client replied that it felt great. After we had finished in the bathroom I approached the subject by asking my client what she thought about organising another member of my team being present while I washed her hair so that if I was away from work for any reason, somebody else would be able to assist her with her personal care. My client thought that this would be a good idea and I organised that happening with my team leader shortly afterwards. By approaching the situation with her preference and needs in mind and focussing on them and not my thoughts and being careful not to embarrass her, we were able, together to find a solution for the future visits and ensure that both her well- being and physical health were upheld. When supporting a person with their personal care it is imperative to treat them with respect and to treat them as individuals. Not all individuals have a clear understanding of the importance of good personal hygiene and some people may have not thought about the importance of maintaining theirs for a number of reasons; these could include having a learning disability, head injury or a physical disability or mental health issue. I try to empower the people that I support as that was a mission statement of the company that I work for, and informing my clients about the many factors that make up good promotion of personal hygiene enables them to make their own decisions about theirs. The factors could include: The importance of health, social life and psychological well-being. The importance of being independent. The importance of reducing the risk of causing or spreading infection and illness. The importance of keeping personal hygiene equipment clean and suitable for the job. Supporting people with their personal care is a very private matter and one that I do not take lightly; I have empathised and thought about how it would feel if I needed somebody to help me with my daily ablutions and to be completely honest; although I am somebody that has assisted many people with their personal care over many years the idea of somebody helping me with mine makes me feel quite uncomfortable. I try to remember this when I assist people with their personal care. Our organisation fits gender to gender when co-ordinating support visits as much as possible which helps to maintain a person’s dignity and our client’s preferences are recorded in their care plans for all of our team to see so that their choices are upheld and any religious or cultural beliefs are respected. I often assist with intimate personal hygiene and always ask the client if they are comfortable with me assisting them at first, and if they can carry out their own intimate care. It is amazing how many people I have seen going into a personal care routine at full flow before establishing first with the client about what they can do for themselves. I always use my personal protective equipment which includes gloves and I am always careful to cover up my client as much as possible during the personal care; keeping them warm and maintaining their dignity. I have supported clients at home that have their personal care supported in busy lounges with family members milling around here and there and have tried with my team leader and Management to organise a privacy screen in the past and where this is not available I stop all personal care and cover my client up when people are coming close to the vicinity of where the personal care is taking place. I also talk to the client about everyday matters so as to take the focus away from the personal care. Others may be involved with supporting my clients with their personal hygiene and these may include themselves firstly, their partners, friends, relatives, other team members, a continence support worker or a district nurse. There are risks to my own health when I am supporting somebody with their personal hygiene and these include the spreading of germs and infections through bodily fluids or airborne spray and a risk of injury when supporting a client with mobility assistance needs or challenging behaviour. The risks can be reduced firstly by the adequate and correct training and my competence. Using the correct hand washing procedure reduces the risk of my clients spreading infection and the use if my PPE also reduces the risk of me becoming infected. I am careful not to cut a client when shaving in case their blood infects me and I am careful around any open wounds. When disposing of dressings or soiled continence pads I am careful and â€Å"double bag† them, which means putting them in two plastic bags and I dispose of them in the correct bin and change my gloves afterwards. I dispose of my used PPE and clean my hands thoroughly after supporting with personal care as I may come into contact with others and other things such as client folders that could carry infection. When assisting people with their personal care I support them in accordance with their moving and handling risk assessments and their care plan so as to reduce a risk of injury to myself through faulty equipment or not using equipment correctly, I always check inspection dates on equipment. I have attended training on how to deal with challenging behaviour and have de-escalation skills which reduce a risk of harm to me. There could be many underlying issues that are the reason for individuals having poor personal hygiene and these could include a person being in pain in certain areas where they would wash but choose not to because of the pain that they experience when doing so, a person may not have had any education with regard to personal hygiene or they may not believe that it is important to have good personal hygiene. Cosmetics are expensive and an individual may not be able to afford washing products to clean themselves or their clothes. An individual could be experiencing abuse and because of this chooses to cover up and refuse assistance with personal care, or could be experiencing depression and low self- esteem so has no interest in their appearance. Addressing the issues that are beneath a person’s poor personal hygiene should be done in a suitable manner, for example; if a person lacks the finances to buy toiletries I could sensitively ask if they thought it would be a good idea to look at their expenditure and budget to assist with managing it or to get in touch with their financial care provider to find out if any more resources were available to them. I would report any suspicion of abuse to my line manager immediately and monitoring of the client would be required. I could try to get the message over of how important good personal hygiene is and the factors listed previously with an individual that has depression or low self-esteem. I could encourage an individual in pain to visit their GP to address the cause of the pain and therefore making it more comfortable for them to wash. Each issue of poor personal hygiene is a bespoke one and should be dealt with with the individuals dignity in mind and with their choices and beliefs upheld.

Pearl Harbor And How It Came About :: American America History

Pearl Harbor And How It Came About By the year 1941, WWII was in full effect. Germany seemed to be the victor, gaining control of France and Poland as well as successfully bombing England. Many people believe that Germany would have indeed won the war if not for the intervention of the United States. Because of the horror Americans had witnessed in WWI, the United States did not originally want to get involved in the conflict. In the early morning of December 7th, 1941 all that changed when the Japanese air fleet scattered in the Pacific Ocean bombed Pearl Harbor. In September of 1940 Japan entered in alliance with Germany and Italy. The Japanese were in need of natural resources found in Southeast Asian countries newly conquered by Germany. Around the same time in the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to halt German and Japanese expansion but was urged by other government officials to leave the situation as it was. Japan feared America's reaction to their plans to seize Southeast Asia, yet did not let that fear get in their way. Japan completed their control of Indochina by seizing the southern half. The American government answered back by placing an embargo on oil shipments heading for Japan. The Japanese viewed this as an act of war, for they knew their military and industrial forces would not last long with out oil. The United States tried to resolve their differences with Japan, throughout 1941. Demands on each side were quite simple. The Japanese wanted the embargo lifted and permission to attempt an attack on China. The U.S. exclaimed they would only lift the embargo if Japan ceased its aggression towards China. The two powers refused to compromise and a war seemed inevitable. America realized Japan would not budge and strategically place military forces in the Pacific Ocean in preparation for a pending war. In fact, the most crucial element of American defense was the U.S. Pacific Fleet. With war looming the Pacific Fleet was moved to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on April 2nd , 1940. Pearl Harbor seemed to be the perfect place to rest the fleet. Situated between the Marshall Islands, where the Japanese fleet gathered and the west coast of America. The fleet wasn't supposed to stay in the harbor very long yet because of events in Europe, President Roosevelt felt if the fleet was left in the harbor it would diminish the possibility of a Japanese attack on the U.

Impulsive Behavior Essay

April 16, 2007, Seung-Hui Cho went on a shooting rampage killing thirty-two college students at Virginia Tech. University before killing himself. This horrifying massacre can be associated with a poor impulsive behavior. Many devastating incidents throughout the years can be associated with poor impulsive decisions. Throughout the years Impulsive behaviors have often been viewed differently. For example, older American Writers seemed to view impulsive behaviors as negative traits, while earlier American Writers found them to be more acceptable. Three American Writers specifically stood out amongst others: Benjamin Franklin, Frederick Douglass, and Theodore Roethke. Our current generation mainly views impulsive behavior as a negative characteristic or inclination. Nowadays, impulsive behaviors are often correlated with diseases or psychological problems. Benjamin Franklin (1731-1813) was one of the oldest authors we read in class. I learned much about Franklin from his autobiography. Franklin was dedicated, disciplined, and focused, which left no room for impulses. Impulses often involved spontaneity and the unknown, which would not follow Franklin’s type of life style. He set aside an hour each day for reading and never missed a chance to find new books. Although he was very disciplined, he felt like it was not enough. That is why he dedicated 13 specific virtues to follow: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and finally humility. He even set up a calendar to mark the virtues he had accomplished each day. On the top of his weekly virtue chart, he followed a saying, â€Å"Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation† (Franklin, 286). Not only did he have a calendar made up for virtues, but also he had a day-by-day schedule set up that accounted for each hour of the day. He would dedicate a certain amount of time for hygiene, work, reading, dinner and rest. In Benjamin Franklin’s life there was no room for profligacy. Someone that plans out every hour of everyday obviously does not leave any room for impulses, and that was exactly how Franklin liked to live his life. He did not like surprises and enjoyed knowing every detail of each day. To Franklin, family and love did not matter; the only thing that mattered was success. Often when it comes to love and intimacy, impulses are right around the corner, which is one of the reasons why Franklin was not very emotional. He eventually got married, but he was more thankful for the help his wife provided in the printing press than the emotional feelings he had for her. Franklin was not the only author we read in class that felt this way about impulsive behavior. Like Franklin, Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was another older author who believed that impulsive behavior was a negative attribute. He was a self-educated slave and knew the only way that he would become free one day was to become erudite. He learned how to read and write by tracing the letters on the prows of boats. After reading his autobiography, it was easy to tell why someone like Douglass would hate impulses. He knew that if he ever acted upon impulses it was very likely he would have been beaten or even worse, killed. He also hated impulses because he knew when his masters beat him that they were acting out on impulses as well. For these reasons, Douglass could never agree with impulses or support anyone who acted upon them. Although Douglass and Franklin did not agree with impulses, there were many other authors we read in class who strongly supported them. Unlike his predecessors Franklin and Douglas, Theodore Roethke (1908-1963) felt that impulsive behavior should be embraced and enjoyed. He was a poet whose poems symbolized fate and destiny, which is normally defined by impulsive decisions. After reading many of his poems, I could tell that he did not make plans, and he just acted upon his feelings and emotions. I got the feeling that he would follow his instincts no matter where they would lead him, â€Å"God bless the Ground! I shall walk softly there, And learn by going where I have to go† (Roethke 1146). Obviously, someone that just follows his instincts is not very disciplined and does not plan out his life. He believed impulses were the only way to live one’s life. In his poems you could derive a sense of spontaneity and originality. He explains how he followed his fate and thinks by feelings, â€Å"I feel my fate in what I cannot fear. I learn by going where I have to go. We think by feeling. What is there to know? † (Roethke 1145). Roethke wrote many of his poems about love, and as it suggests love is usually a spontaneous and intimate feeling. It seemed that as time progressed, the view on impulsive behavior changed in American Writers from conservative to more acceptable. I wanted to see if the same shift took place in our culture as well so I decided to do my own research using the Michigan State University library system. It was difficult to find articles that supported both sides of the argument, but I eventually found two books that had conducted many studies and trials. I also found two journal articles that helped support my thesis as well. Generally, my research showed that impulsivity is regarded negatively. In Impulsivity and Aggression, they explain how impulsivity is a phenomenon that is present in all species and â€Å"manifests as effects, emotions, and observable behaviors† (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 28). Basically, this means that not only humans are susceptible to impulsive behavior, but also animals and other species. However, the focus of the research is on the effects of impulses on human decisions. The majority of the studies conducted in these different articles all seemed to come to one conclusion: impulsive behavior only leads to negative side effects. Every example of impulsive behavior in this book represented some sort of violence or disorder. â€Å"Impulsivity and aggression contribute to major public health problems such as crime, violence, homicide, suicide, substance abuse, and sexual dyscontrol† (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 1). Basic emotions such as fear and anger are often defined as impulsive emotions, which are difficult to resist and may be harmful to themselves or others. Oldham, Hollander, and Skodol reinforce this view, â€Å"Traditionally, psychopathological states characterized by impulse behavior, such as substance abuse, rage, outbursts, violence, suicidal or self-destructive acts, binge eating, sexual promiscuity, or social irresponsibility, have been conceptualized as disorders of deficient impulse control† (J. Oldham & E. Hollander & A. Skodol ix). Not a single example in my sources supports a positive side to impulsive behavior. They constantly relate disorders such as kleptomania, pathological gambling, and pyromania to impulses. These studies used scales that measured impulsive behavior by using both personality dimensions and clinical syndromes. These scales are tools used for measuring the outcome of interventions. The effects of impulsive behavior are causing a need for concern, and therefore action must be taken to help prevent these individuals from hurting themselves or others. It is apparent that our current generation’s outlook on impulsive behavior is all-negative. This negative outlook has caused different treatment strategies throughout the years. The majority of these treatments involved medical psychiatric medications for borderline personality disorders (BPD) (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 263). The purpose is to control the aggression, hostility, impulsivity, and liability of mood associated illnesses. There are many medications currently being used, but the most popular consist of Neuroleptics, Anticonvulsants, Anti depressants, and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRIs). These treatments have greatly reduced the negative impulsive behaviors for specific patients. Neuroleptics have been the group of medications most studied in controlled trials investigating Pharmacological treatment of BPD (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 264). These agents are used based on â€Å"their theoretical ability to dampen aggressive outbursts and decrease psychotic thinking. † (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 264). Trials were conducted to test these neuroleptics against placebo control agents, which resulted in an improvement in anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and suicidal thoughts. Another treatment that helps decrease anxiety, irritability, and anger are Anticonvulsants. A trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of Anticonvulsants and eleven out of fifteen patients opted to remain on this medication after the study’s conclusion (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 266). Even when a small behavioral dyscontrol did occur, it was far less severe than while on the placebo. Antidepressants are also a very popular form of medication, but might not be the best for every individual. Studies conducted show that fifty percent of individuals felt improvements in irritability, energy, and depression were modest or unremarkable (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 266). â€Å"The enefits of specific antidepressants are limited, and there is little data to suggest a diminution of impulsivity in any of these studies. † (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 267). SRIs have been proven to help with depression, panic, obsessionality, suicidality, self-injury, somatization, eating disorders, and anxiety (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 268). The most widely used SRI is Fluoxetine, which has been the best studied of the SRIs for treatment of impulsive and aggressive symptoms. If Seung-Hui Cho had not acted upon impulses, than maybe those thirty-two students would still be with us today. Although earlier American Writers found impulsive behaviors more acceptable, it is apparent that impulsive behaviors lead to a state of chaos and pandemonium. As time progressed, the view on impulsive behavior changed from negative to more acceptable until a certain point was reached. After a certain point, impulsive behaviors took over and caused a state of chaos and pandemonium. The chaos these impulsive behaviors inhibited can be demonstrated as school shootings, terrorist attacks, or mental instabilities. It is important to control certain impulses because otherwise they can lead to severe consequences or even worse, death.

Ramji Bhai Vasava Essay

G.H.Patel Post Graduate Institute of Business Management, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand In the undivided Bombay province was worked out to build earthen dams and problems faced while building a dam across the rivers Lokmata and Sadmata in northern Gujarat and further issues encountered while a proposal is made to raise the control levels of it. The objective of the case is to maximize the irrigation potential of the dam while respecting the religious sentiments of the people. The options are either to implement the former plan in its present form or the latter by convincing the people of its benefits and deal with the issues faced. The conclusion is to try and implement the new plan resulting in maximization of irrigation and revenues. PROPOSAL 1 PROPOSAL 2 Approximate cost – 1.7 Approximate cost – 1.9 Water impound – 4700 Water impound –5700 Full supply level -592 Full supply level-595 Highest flood level-596 highest flood level-606 OBJECTIVES * Government aim for economic development through agricultural development. * Build the dam PROBLEM * Opposition of people to temple getting submerged * People getting affected due to submerge of villages CONSTRAIN * Location of dam CRITERIA * Maximum irrigation * Minimum people affected * Maximum returns * Minimum time * Minimum cost PRIORITY * Minimum people affected * Minimum cost * Minimum time * Minimum returns * Maximum irrigation ALTERNATIVES * Convincing villages to shift temple * Resettlement of affected people * Raising height of the temple ACTION PLAN Government should follow proposal 1 as temple was saved using gates from flood so that minimum people are affected so the cost incurred is also low and the time required is minimum and also there is irrigation which leads to economic development. CONTINGENCY PLAN * Raising height of the temple * Go with proposal 2 if proposal 1 does not work

Womens Rights Essays - Gender Studies, Misogyny, Womens Rights

Womens Rights Essays - Gender Studies, Misogyny, Womens Rights Women's Rights We live in an age where women have gained access, and freedoms to explore a wide range of interests, and life styles more then they ever could in the past. Freedoms to enter the man's work force. Freedom to hold banking accounts, and get mortgages, and loans. In some states, they even have the freedom to marry the same sex. In this age of increasing change, there is one area that I feel women should be protected from, and that is hand to hand combat. I was raised in a household where both parents were in the workforce, and raised two children at the same time. I was what you would call a latchkey child, I came home every day to a bowl of cereal, cartoons, and an empty house. However, at home the traditional gender roles were followed, I took out the trash, and mowed the lawn, while my mother and sister cooked meals, and washed clothes. I believe in traditional roles, because they work. I missed having my parents around, to talk to, and ask advise. It is my hope! that the youth of tomorrow will have a mother to come home to, to laugh, ask advise, and most importantly to love. Situated at the gateway to Arlington National Cemetery, there is a memorial being built. The "Women in Military Service for America" Memorial will recognize the 1.8 million women who have served from the American Revolution to present, according to the Air Force News service. The idea of women serving in the military in not a new concept, the idea Architect's model for the Women in Military Service For America Memorial. The memorial is planned for the gateway to Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C of them serving in hand to hand combat, however is. There is currently a law that keeps women out of combat, and protects them from direct harm. Several issues come into play when you consider women serving in the military, including childcare, pregnancy, sexual harassment, and physical requirements. When it comes to child care, often the services provided on base are not accessible at the times needed, and when the parents are stationed overseas, they must deal with non-English speaking care-givers. Sexual harassment (as we have seen over and over in dozens of news reports of women being assaulted or harassed by their superiors) is prevalent in the military. Young women arrive at training grounds straight out of boot camp after weeks pushing their physical limits. They are taught above all else to respect authority and to follow orders. What many encountered at this early moment in their military careers was, at minimum, abuse by the authority they were supposed to respect. What others encountered were, at worst, orders that Sgt. Delmar G. Simpson is said to have given more than one of his alleged rape victims: "If you ever tell anyone about this, I'll hurt you." There has been debate about whether or not women should have a separate boot camp, or if they should remain integrated with the men. There are positive and negative aspects to each of these cases. If the men and women are integrated, they learn to work together, respect each other abilities, and learn how the opposite sex react to high-pressure situations. If however, the training was segregated, then there would be less of a chance of a female officer coming under friendly fire of sexual combat, from their own superiors. I feel that women should be protected from physical harm, i.e. hand to hand combat, as well as emotional harm. The question we need to ask ourselves is "Are we willing to pay the price to have our mothers in combat?" Air force news service. "Memorial to honor women servicemembers" af.mil/pa/Jun95/an062095_20jun95_645.html Goodman, Ellen. "Women put in harm's way" Boston Globe 16 Nov. 1996. Military Woman Home Page "Military Family Life and Childcare" militarywoman.org/family.htm

Free Essays on Escher

Maurits Cornelius Escher was born on June 17th, 1898 in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. His father was a civil engineer. Escher’s great skill for art and drawing was realized at an early age. This led his father to decide to send him to study at the School of Architecture and Decorative Arts in Haarlem. But, when he was 21 years old, Escher gave up architecture to study in the field of graphic arts. Escher spent most of his life travelling in Europe looking for inspiration for his works. In 1921 he got married and stayed in Rome. This is when his works of art began to show landscapes with impossible perspectives. In the 1930s, Fascism in Italy made life impossible for Escher and his family, so they moved to Switzerland. In 1936, Escher visited the Alhambra in Granada. The Moorish tiling he came across was amazing too him. Escher read and understood Pà ³lya’s paper on the 17 planes of symmetry, even though he didn't understand all of the ideas in the paper. Between 1936 and 19 42 Escher concentrated on colored drawings using all of the different symmetry types. He invented a highly mathematical system of study using a process which he invented himself. In 1941, Escher went home to the Netherlands. His popularity began to grow, and in the 1950s, articles on his work were written. His drawings of symmetry began to be displayed in science museums more than art galleries. In his later years several books were published about him. One of these books described his works of art as he neared death. â€Å"When Escher's view of the world turned inward he produced his best known puzzling prints, which, art aside, were truly intellectually playful, yet he was not. His life turned inward, he cut himself off and he had few friends. ... He died after a protracted illness...† Escher died on March 27th, 1972, in the Netherlands.... Free Essays on Escher Free Essays on Escher Maurits Cornelius Escher was born on June 17th, 1898 in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. His father was a civil engineer. Escher’s great skill for art and drawing was realized at an early age. This led his father to decide to send him to study at the School of Architecture and Decorative Arts in Haarlem. But, when he was 21 years old, Escher gave up architecture to study in the field of graphic arts. Escher spent most of his life travelling in Europe looking for inspiration for his works. In 1921 he got married and stayed in Rome. This is when his works of art began to show landscapes with impossible perspectives. In the 1930s, Fascism in Italy made life impossible for Escher and his family, so they moved to Switzerland. In 1936, Escher visited the Alhambra in Granada. The Moorish tiling he came across was amazing too him. Escher read and understood Pà ³lya’s paper on the 17 planes of symmetry, even though he didn't understand all of the ideas in the paper. Between 1936 and 19 42 Escher concentrated on colored drawings using all of the different symmetry types. He invented a highly mathematical system of study using a process which he invented himself. In 1941, Escher went home to the Netherlands. His popularity began to grow, and in the 1950s, articles on his work were written. His drawings of symmetry began to be displayed in science museums more than art galleries. In his later years several books were published about him. One of these books described his works of art as he neared death. â€Å"When Escher's view of the world turned inward he produced his best known puzzling prints, which, art aside, were truly intellectually playful, yet he was not. His life turned inward, he cut himself off and he had few friends. ... He died after a protracted illness...† Escher died on March 27th, 1972, in the Netherlands....

Sample Strong Supplemental Essay for College Admissions

Sample Strong Supplemental Essay for College Admissions The supplemental essays for college admissions can be a stumbling point for applicants. Many students put significant time into their longer personal statement but then rush off the shorter supplemental section of the application. A typical result can produce a  weak supplemental essay. The strong essay below was written in response to the application to Duke Universitys Trinity College. The guidelines for the optional supplemental essay ask, If you are applying to Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, please discuss why you consider Duke a good match for you. Is there something in particular at Duke that attracts you? Please limit your response to one or two paragraphs. Example Strong Supplemental Essay The question asked here is typical of many supplemental essays. Essentially, the admissions folks want to know why their school is of particular interest to you. When I visited the Duke campus last fall, I immediately felt at home. The Gothic architecture and tree-shaded walks created an atmosphere of peaceful but serious reflection. The place is at once Southern - which, as an Alabamian, is important to me - and universal as it reflects the traditions of Europe and the classical world. The Trinity College liberal arts curriculum also reflects this unique pairing of the modern South and the global past. For example, I am considering a major in history, and am very interested in the combination of geographic and thematic areas of study offered by Duke’s history program. The combinations of areas offer seeming endless areas of specialization. One interesting possibility is a focus in the geographic area of the U.S. and Canada, combined with a thematic study of Women and Gender or African Diaspora. By juxtaposing and intertwining these two foci, my understanding of the American South - and much more - would be greatly enriched. This i nnovative and flexible approach to both traditional and non-traditional subject matter is greatly appealing to me. I know by reputation and from a friend currently enrolled in Trinity College that the liberal arts curriculum is very challenging, but also rewarding. I believe I am more than prepared for these challenges, and that I will thrive in this climate. Duke University’s campus already feels like home; I believe that its academic opportunities will also provide a stimulating environment in which I feel I belong. Critique of the Supplemental Essay First, think about the prompt. The admissions officers want to know if there is something in particular at Duke that makes the applicant want to go there. A bad essay never discusses features that are unique to Duke. A good essay gets specific and shows particular knowledge of the school. The sample essay succeeds on this front. Although the essay is just a paragraph long, the author presents three specific features of Duke that make her want to attend: The attractive campus with its Gothic and Southern appealThe flexible nature of the history curriculumThe fact that she has a friend at Duke This last point doesnt matter much in the admissions process and the writer was correct to mention it only indirectly. The first point has moderate importance. Many colleges have impressive Gothic architecture, so the feature isnt unique to Duke. However, the writer connects the campus to her own Southernness. She also demonstrates that she has visited the campus, something that is not true of many applicants who haphazardly apply to a long list of prestigious schools. The second point about the history curriculum is key to this essays success. This applicant knows what lies beneath the universitys surface. She has clearly researched the curriculum. She is not applying to Duke simply because of its beauty or its reputation, but because she likes how the university approaches learning. Avoiding Supplemental Essay Mistakes In general, the author has avoided common  supplemental essay mistakes and written an effective response to the universitys prompt. Admissions officers will certainly take note of the fact that this applicant has done some research and has thoughtful reasons for wanting to attend Duke. If your supplemental essay to the question asking Why Our School? could be applied to numerous schools, you have failed to respond to the prompt effectively. This is not the place to be generic or lazy. Do your research, and articulate the unique reasons why the school is a good match for your interests, personality, and goals. Write your  supplemental essay  so it is strong, specific, and targeted toward that specific college.

Mini Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini Marketing Plan - Assignment Example The company is dedicated to the creation of the best products that are simple and consumer friendly and at the same time maintains the class the customer wants to be identified with. Mission statement stipulates that the company aims at ensuring that consumers of its products or its customer enjoy their typical day via a brief escape on their phones or devices. The company does it by providing the customers with timely interactive mobile applications and games accessible in their mobile devices. It ensures that the software; applications are easy to interact with and have some connection with current news. The development of softwares such as the Pliar mini browser and McAbby security for mobile. The company produces apps that facilitate and makes the life of the customer easier. Such apps include clubs, event and associations, entertainment, games and social, internet business processes and closed audience. Johan Mobile Technologies targets any mobile user regardless of age. The main ingredient for the target market is a phone that can hold apps and games. The phone or device should have a downloading function enabled in order to accept the apps. It is even easier to get the apps if the phone or device has an android application. The customers targeted may have a wide range of disposable income. The constituent of its customers is broadly made up of teenagers living at home, college students or those in the workforce. The company’s apps design VP of marketing or equivalent position of a mini to a large group. The organization is looking for creative promotional methods in order to familiarize the customers with its products and services. Johan Mobile Technologies pricing strategy is competitively positioned in all its products and services. The company uses the cost-oriented method in pricing the apps. By cost method, the average cost of creating an app is

Arts Advocacy Statement and Pamphlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arts Advocacy Statement and Pamphlet - Essay Example Artistic aptitude is an amazing ability and it is very significant for our children for their better mental approach. Art helps to enhance the childrens ability to have a better perception of the world and tends to get them to adopt a better way of communication and expression. Art helps children to make an open appearance and reveal their hidden talent and skills. Therefore, for a successful and flourishing life track, you must try to develop artistic skills in your child. Now a question arises as to what are the important factors that are necessary for the artistic development in your child. When your child starts performing certain activities, you need to develop art in his activities. Every child has a hidden artist in their inner self and parents or teachers can examine very well what kind of artistic intuition is growing within a child. Some children love to make drawings and some love to use brushes to handle colours. Some love music and few have the ability to be great composers. So every child has his/her own inclination towards various categories of art. The four disciplines of art have a diverse arrangement among artistic abilities such as drawing, print-making, painting, drama, music and dance. All these classifications are the basic skills that can be found in oneself to create a better perception of life. Home is the first basic learning institute and whatever skills a child uses to learn at home, no institute around the world could impart these skills to children. To develop art in your child and have your child able to have a better overview of any situation in life, you need to develop your child’s interest in all of the above given mediums of art. Education is an entirely different thing, but any skill or talent in a child can add more to his education with the help of artistic qualities. Art is the thing that never cares for substantial measures and children also

How reading and writing has affected my life Essay

How reading and writing has affected my life - Essay Example rstands the inner details of the society, its values and beliefs and indeed the whole of the related hierarchy related with learning, studies and intellect. This has been the case with my personality as well since the time I have started to learn through proper use of reading and writing. What this means is the fact that I have understood the different aspects of my college life that includes within it and I have started to analyze things from a number of different angles. Reading has provided me an in depth look into the way the people think of different things in human life and activities which are there in a number of important stages of life. It has made me a strong individual, in the sense that I can now differentiate between the right and the wrong. This is a continuous process and will keep on increasing my vocabulary in coming times. In fact it will help me more and more since I am a female and I will be looking after my kids, when I get married and then have a family life of my own. I would know how to teach them the important things in life which I have gained myself. Speaking generally, it is a need to sort out whether a child under study is ready and willing to learn the different and finer points that are present within a learning environment in the form of reading and writing. If he/she is ready then it is all good otherwise there has to be a question answer session with this student to find out what is forcing him/her from giving his/her best shot at achieving high grade reading and writing levels. After this has been found out, these areas can be looked into a much more detailed manner. Then ways could be found out as to how this can be fixed in the most effective manner possible. My strategy aims to build the reading and writing levels at par with the other students who are present alongside me so that I shall be given confidence and shown the positive side of things. I need to be told of what is there in store for me after I achieve a certain

School Counseling Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School Counseling Education - Essay Example Initially when parents get the information of their child being deaf, seems hard to digest. The initial reactions are; how they would be able to cope up with their child and his needs? How will they be able to communicate with their own offspring? Will it be hard to find the best academic institution for him? Is it a better idea that he works his way out along with normal kids? These are some questions and problems that almost every family with a deaf kid, goes through. With the gradual acceptance of their child’s impairment, they step in towards finding the best possible learning method for him. Either they should opt for leaning sign language as a whole or should they wait and understand the situation after their child becomes a part of the academic community. There’s still difference between deaf and hard at hearing children. According to some studies around 90% of the children who have trouble hearing or are deaf, have perfectly hearing parents. (â€Å"For Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing†). Where some families opt for learning sign languages, the proportion of such families, however, is quite less. Some families still prefer using sign language, and children have a hard time distinguishing words with common sounds, for instance; â€Å"plate† and â€Å"mate†. ... Parents should be taught to accept the child’s shortcoming and that they should not be making the child a source of disgrace or embarrassment for the family, rather they should be working on their child in order to make something better out of him. There aren’t many deaf role models, altogether. Bringing a positive change in the child’s learning abilities will surely make a difference. Counselors for deaf and children with hearing disabilities should be fluent in sign language, if that isn’t the case, then the institution should be equipped with interpreters who can easily translate the child’s requirement efficiently in order to facilitate deaf children to make their learning process a lot easier. 1a) I have to admit before reading this chapter ----------------------- and working through accompanying identity issues. The counselor in the given example clearly understands the deaf children’s needs as she has under gone the same problem back a t her home. Her 5 month old son turned out to have hearing problems, according to her he failed to pass the initial hearing tests, but on later account the parents noticed that the child responded to their voices. As impulsive as it may seem, the child had trouble hearing stuff properly. Still the lady was unsure about what to do with further tests and the post treatment for hearing impairment. Her initial thoughts were â€Å"that may be hearing implants can solve everything†. But that’s not the case in reality. There are hundreds of other factors that turn out to affect a child’s behavior in the classroom. For instance, according to her survey the noises that are a part of a classroom affect the child’s learning ability even if he’s mildly

Development program in your public or non-profit organization Essay

Development program in your public or non-profit organization - Essay Example The second step is linking the desired business outcomes with the behavior of the employee so that they know their work, their capability, or whether they are motivated to do it. The employer needs to identify the desired competencies by collecting relevant information on the training. Third, identifying the trainable competencies is necessary, as not every competence is trainable. Evaluation of the competencies for the employees is an important step for any training through such methods as competency evaluation and tests. Using performance surveys will help in the evaluation of the employees competencies. The other step is to determine the performance gaps to establish the number of employees who need training and identifying the Cause of the gap. The employees that fall below the set standard would require training to improve their skills. The next step is to prioritize training needs for the employees by determining the percentage of the workforce needing training (Pynes, 2013). Next step will be to determine how to train using the appropriate methods such as Mentoring and coaching, use of books, use of the Web, or a classroom setting. Other training methods are the use of conferences and university programs. Another step is conducting a cost-benefits analysis and measure the cost of training method against the effectiveness of the method. As the one in charge of the training, there is the need to strike a balance between the cost of training method and its ability to give the desired results. Finally, there is the planning for training evaluation was effective and whether the trai nees retained the content learned. The training should improve the employees performance and competencies for the profitability of the business. The main objective of the training is to impact the basic knowledge to the new entrants to the organization. The next objective is to assist the employees to work more effectively in their current position by giving them the best

School Counseling Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School Counseling Education - Essay Example Initially when parents get the information of their child being deaf, seems hard to digest. The initial reactions are; how they would be able to cope up with their child and his needs? How will they be able to communicate with their own offspring? Will it be hard to find the best academic institution for him? Is it a better idea that he works his way out along with normal kids? These are some questions and problems that almost every family with a deaf kid, goes through. With the gradual acceptance of their child’s impairment, they step in towards finding the best possible learning method for him. Either they should opt for leaning sign language as a whole or should they wait and understand the situation after their child becomes a part of the academic community. There’s still difference between deaf and hard at hearing children. According to some studies around 90% of the children who have trouble hearing or are deaf, have perfectly hearing parents. (â€Å"For Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing†). Where some families opt for learning sign languages, the proportion of such families, however, is quite less. Some families still prefer using sign language, and children have a hard time distinguishing words with common sounds, for instance; â€Å"plate† and â€Å"mate†. ... Parents should be taught to accept the child’s shortcoming and that they should not be making the child a source of disgrace or embarrassment for the family, rather they should be working on their child in order to make something better out of him. There aren’t many deaf role models, altogether. Bringing a positive change in the child’s learning abilities will surely make a difference. Counselors for deaf and children with hearing disabilities should be fluent in sign language, if that isn’t the case, then the institution should be equipped with interpreters who can easily translate the child’s requirement efficiently in order to facilitate deaf children to make their learning process a lot easier. 1a) I have to admit before reading this chapter ----------------------- and working through accompanying identity issues. The counselor in the given example clearly understands the deaf children’s needs as she has under gone the same problem back a t her home. Her 5 month old son turned out to have hearing problems, according to her he failed to pass the initial hearing tests, but on later account the parents noticed that the child responded to their voices. As impulsive as it may seem, the child had trouble hearing stuff properly. Still the lady was unsure about what to do with further tests and the post treatment for hearing impairment. Her initial thoughts were â€Å"that may be hearing implants can solve everything†. But that’s not the case in reality. There are hundreds of other factors that turn out to affect a child’s behavior in the classroom. For instance, according to her survey the noises that are a part of a classroom affect the child’s learning ability even if he’s mildly

Fashion Existing Online Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fashion Existing Online - Case Study Example The paper "Fashion Existing Online" talks about the fashion that exists online. In order for the company to successful in this competitive market of fashion, it has targeted particular market and potential customers worldwide. The targeted customer by MO is women who love fashion and are willing to pay adequately and in full price for luxurious shoes, clothes and accessories. The company targets specific customer; a customer who will be able to afford designer looks right off the runway and who is fashion conscious enough to buying the clothing. The company has already targeted 80% of American who are shoppers in New York, outside New York and Florida, whereby the company’s initial customers were their personal network and customers referred by the network (Mukti, 2014). The company is still low on target markets that they are aware to be biggest luxury markets; although it ships it’s good to more than 150 countries. They have targeted the European, Asian and Middle Eas t markets as they are growing very fast. Fulfillment eService for Moda Operandi can plug into its sales system in order to monitor the orders’ status and track deliveries. For Moda Operandi, it allows its customers to preorder exclusive designer looks that are ready to wear fashions, handbags, shoes, and accessories in online designer trunk-shows. With many designer products originating in Europe, Middle East and Asia, the company outsources fulfillment in order to service customer; thus making substantial financial savings.

Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Segmentation Essay Market segmentation is where marketers split the market into groups with similarities that would make it easy to target their product to the consumers, if they do not do this then they could waste money and time on targeting the wrong people. The company would be trying to maximise their sales so that they can gain as much money as possible. Using market segmentation could mean a business could gain a commercial advantage as they would be advertising to a specific audience, they would be matching target audience and the product effectively. Demographics are where the companies target market would be to a group because of their Gender, age, race/nationality, family size, occupation and education. For example McDonalds advertise happy meals to children because they would keep bugging their parents to take them to get them it. Geographic’s are where the companies target market would be to a group because of where they live, for example an expensive store wouldn’t come to Burnley because most of the residents are working class and don’t have a lot of money. Psychographics are where the companies target market would be to a group because of personality, lifestyle and interests. For example subway would advertise to people with a healthy lifestyle. These segmentation methods are used to split up the market so business can find the perfect target market, if companies didn’t use these methods then the companies wouldn’t have a good understanding of the people they are trying to advertise to. ACORN or A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods, is used to segment the market into different classifications, the classifications are split up into 5 categories, which are: †¢ Wealthy Achievers – wealthy people who already have good, well-paid jobs, †¢ Urban Prosperity – wealthy people who are aspiring to have good, well-paid jobs, †¢ Comfortably Off – people aren’t particularly wealthy but have a decent sized house etc. †¢ Hard Pressed lower classed people, who are live in high rise flats etc. Moderate Means – working class people, live in terraces. Another method of segmentation the public are is a system created by Experian called Mosaic, this assigns people to groups based on their post code, neighbourhood etc. and it makes assumptions about peoples likes, dislikes and lifestyles based on their postcode area. †¢ A Career professionals living in sought after locations †¢ B Younger families living in newer h omes †¢ C Older families living in suburbia D Close-knit, inner city and manufacturing town communities †¢ E Educated, young, single people living in areas of transient populations †¢ F People living in social housing with uncertain employment in deprived areas †¢ G Low income families living in estate based social housing †¢ H Upwardly mobile families living in homes bought from social landlords †¢ I Older people living in social housing with high care needs †¢ J Independent older people with relatively active lifestyles †¢ K People living in rural areas far from urbanisation McDonalds target markets are happy meals, saver menu, portion sizes, fillet o’Fish, breakfast and hot drinks; the happy meal is targeted towards children as they will use pester power to make their parents take them to McDonalds. They sell small portions that contain a healthy snack and you get a free toy in them, the toy is themed towards a children’s cartoon film, they normally advertise on nickelodeon, cartoon network and Disney channel because that’s what most children watch. They advertise after 3 o’clock because that’s when most children get home from school as if they advertised before 3 o’clock then not a lot of children would see it; the happy meal would also suit the elderly as they won’t be able to eat a big meal. The saver menu would suit students and people who don’t have a lot of money; it would suit students as they won’t have to spend a lot of money on the larger meals and they can spend it more important things or going out at the weekend. It would suit people who don’t have a lot of money as they are relatively small portions and it is only 99p for a burger so it is a cheap. The portion sizes would be good for when people who aren’t particularly hungry or they are really hungry, as if they aren’t hungry they can get a medium meal, If they are really hungry they can get the large meals. This is good as it creates more of a target market for McDonalds to attract. The Fillet o’Fish as people who don’t like eating meat can get this instead of just getting chips, this is good as well as it McDonalds look like they are family orientated and they don’t miss anyone out. The McDonalds breakfast suits people who have to get up early as they do normal breakfast meals instead of a burger they could get sausage or something else. The hot drinks are good for when it is winter as people won’t want cold drinks as they would want warm drinks like coffee or hot chocolate etc. McDonalds will have a variety of different targets for their products and services. 4 examples can look at: Families: Families are targets as when families go out, they normally go to places that the kids will enjoy as if the kids aren’t happy, then parents will not be happy as they will be seeing their children unsatisfied with where they are. McDonalds will advertise all they can to make it look more appealing to all generations of families, These services aim towards providing friendly environments for the customers to have fun at and enjoy meals at affordable prices. They will be close families, as they will be visiting places with the idea of where is best suitable for the kids and themselves to enjoy themselves. The gender is not again specific as families could be of mixed gender. The age range will be from 1+ as a nice little outing to McDonald’s with the family is always nice. Parents with Children: parents with children will take their child to McDonald’s to give their children a treat. This is a product that McDonalds has produced to attract children between the ages of 1-10, as it has a free toy with the meal it is aiming to attract children and not only will the food be a treat but they will also get a free toy to play with. The target markets for happy meals is the parents buying their children food will be identified as young children ranging from ages of 1-10 as the toys that come with the happy meals look suitable for children of that age. Teenagers: Teenagers usually have limits to how much they can spend on food, As they may have limited pocket money or more important ideas of something they may want to purchase so cannot afford to spend their money on fast food. This is why they are attracted to the saver menu, the saver menu is where you can buy food for a reasonably price. Also teenagers are known to be the main users of social networking sites and users of the internet, so the idea of free WIFI access available in their restaurants is also another way to attract people to their restaurants. So, the target market for the saver menu will be identified as someone who wants to enjoy McDonald’s at an affordable price and the target market for the free wifi will be mainly teenagers as a stop at a restaurant for a quick check of their social networking sites will tempt them to buy something quick to enjoy whilst they are in the store. The age range for both the saver menu and WI-FI will be from 16+ as people from the age of 16 + are identified to be the age range of social networking sites and the saver menu is for everyone. Local Workers: Whilst on their breaks; local workers may pop in to the closest McDonalds, they have nearest to them to have a hot meal as it’s usually served very quickly and this makes it very efficient for the workers as they may have a short break. The lifestyle of these regular workers will be busy as they are working and may not have enough time in mornings to prepare dinner before they leave so they visit cafe/restaurants that are close by to eat in at and then head back to work. Also, they will need reasonable prices as they may have budgets for their dinner/meals. Gender of local workers will also not be specific in this case as you can be of any gender to have a job. The age range will be that of 18+ to about 65, as 18 is the age you most people start working and usually people retire at 65 and are not likely to be regular customers, as fast food places as due to being older than maybe teenagers, they have to be more careful with their diets as they can be more affected easily health wise with regular takeaway consuming. A Business Person: a business person will visit McDonalds during the morning, maybe for a brew or the breakfast, Also their food can be eaten in a vehicle without it affecting a busy work schedule, as they can use the drive thru, McDonalds have many drive thru’s which is a service that makes it efficient for people that may not have enough time to eat in to enjoy their products in their vehicles. The target market for a drive thru will be busy people that do not have enough time to eat in. The gender for business customers will be both male and female as in the modern world. The age range of established and busy business people is most likely to be about 30+.

TQM and Business Process Re-engineering

TQM and Business Process Re-engineering Total Quality Management and Business Process Re-engineering Introduction This article going to discuss about Total Quality Management (TQM) and Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) which are the most expressions of an increasing sophistication in management techniques and principles in recent years (Christian 1997). There are some ambiguous constructs between TQM and BPR. On the one hand, there are claimed that the management innovations might be restore competitiveness and back to traditional, such as bureaucratic organizations. On the other hand, TQM and BPR are normally concerned to only to the managerial common sense (Fisher 1994). This papers goals to explode the reasons and benefits relate with managers and workers around the BPR and TQM. Total Quality Management (TQM) Total Quality Management (TQM) has its roots in Japan, because of the original Japanese words Quality Control (QC) which means the development of quality improvement activities, due to the translation problems about QC from the original Japanese words(Boaden 1996). So, QC and TQM have same meaning, for example the principles were universally accepted as a means of continual improvement in quality overall organizational performance. Furthermore, there are aim of TQM which means for customer satisfaction, and improved flexibility (Ruth 1996). TQM often rely on a statistical base through mathematical foundation of quality control (Ruth 1996). At the begin , TQM started in 1950s and 1960s, it was attributed by Deming and Juran who promoted quality processes in Japan. Although the radical concepts of TQM were developed in US and Europe during 1980s and 1990s the growing international competition led many UK and other companies to adopt TQM, especially focus on quality by management gurus such as Peters and Waterman (Ruth 1996). There are some common quality principles of TQM, including customer orientation, substantial cultural change, top management leadership of the quality improvement process, focus on continuous improvement, respect for employees and their knowledge, and reduction of product and process variation with an emphasis on defect prevention rather than detection. Especially continuous improvement for example, it is often related with Kaizen which is one of the basic principles of TQM (Ruth 1996). The results of TQM processes generally are improvements in mistake rates, reduced time needed to save money, worker capital and increased efficiencies (Christian 1997). Another example of Customer orientation is one of soft systems of TQM. I t is usually flexible forms of work organization with the intensification and insecurity that come in its wake. TQM as an inclusive management practices that using methodology to set up models of organization and amplifies. Some aspects of TQM were obviously incorporated more easily than others. For instance, problem solving by teams, conferencing, and training. After finished the TQM training, managers were able to offer an intellectualized report of TQM (Chritian 1997). However, it was not mean that managers were understood of practical by their level, and they could sure what the elements exactly could mean in their working climate (Chritian 1997). For instance, senior managers might lose sight of the ball. They kick the ball into play, and when it has some problem or the ball is not working as fast as they think they would like change the way to find another job better than before (christian 1997). In addition, managers focused on the mechanisms- training, meetings. Because of TQM become a more efficient and modern company it was enabled managers could self-referential, especially in official company discourse (Christian 1997). And most of senior managers have had an opportunity to achieve a multitude of sometimes conflicting or objectives, who were choosed by consultants and management gurus. TQM principles, practices and techniques are have benefits to workers. Such as teamwork, group skills, continuous training and learning techniques as role clarification and group feedback (Christian 1997). For example, there are lots of quality management rules such as TQM, just-in-time, Quality Control systems are used by the operational workers in Denso Company, this are increasing and improving work efficiency and effectiveness. In spite of the benefits of TQM, there is failure paradigm of the Quality Management. For example, according to Kearney survey that there are 80% of the companies surveyed might not point to a dramatic improvement in implementation, and research from 1992 by Arthur D. who reported that TQM had a remarkable impact on their activities and habits are considered merely by the third of studied companies (Christian 1997). Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) The Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) replaced Total Quality Management (TQM) as the hottest topic of organizational processes and structures, always following the introduction of new information technologies into an organization. â€Å"BPR is the fundamental thinking and redesign of business processes, to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed† (Hammer Champy 1994). On the other hand, BPR is contrasted with process simplification that it is considered involved in fundamental change, led by a view, involving new frameworks and technology and changes in habits and attitudes. In addition BPR was developed as a radical concept for fundamental change in an organization, relied on total redesign of an organizations programmers, and taking into account the full power of modern technology (Ruth 1996). BPR could make the small change in each department for example in marketing sales department, but return the huge benefits for the organization. For instance, structure change related with people and technology, it plays a crucial role in organizing people, technology, decision-making, control, and management. Bad organizational structure can reduce the success of the redesigning effort. These might involve multi-functional teams, product teams, and the flattening of the management hierarchy (Delvin 2002). In the technology facts are pointed that it might includes the relationships and controls in various technologies. The main features of BPR includes simple to multi-tasked work, empowerment of employees, change of focus from management towards customer, flattening hierarchies and managements habits from supervising to coaching, and switch from functional department to process teams ( Grint 1994). BPR have benefits both of managers and workers, including a non-bureaucratic and informal management structure, a flat organizational structure, tight control of day to day works for example someone absence, and little management of authority. To achieve these might via the three fields, such as reengineering technology, organizational structure, and communication (Delvin 2002). Firstly, the advantage aspects of reengineering technology to managers are including standard managerial processes which trend to integration all the information: share databases, function, network, and improving quality in operational processes (William 1996). Such as, the most important processes in a manufacturing or service company and distinguish the following steps: order flow, strategic process, product, marketing or sales, services, accounting, personnel, and technology (Marta 1999). These could via information technologies systems to achieve them. Information technologies, namely, personal computers and internet communications allow workers to work far away from the office. Employees may work at home or other areas. Multimedia communication programmers, which receive email or messages, and review news and get information is very convenience and quick. And computer systems can integrate multi-functional of business processes, sharing data resources, internal and external information. These processes not only reduce cost and improving the accuracy of exchanging information, but also increasing work efficiency and effectiveness (Marta 1999). Such as Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) which is one of popular software systems, it is widely used in most of companies in recent years. Secondly, organizational structure which is really difficulties in redesigning procedures especially to managers, they might less autonomy due to the formal constraints and regulations of organization (James 2000). For example managers may less decision-making and flexibility. On the other hand, the hierarchical or bureaucratical of organization might become flat levels. And their changed the management habits and attitudes from supervising to coaching or training. As well as towards pay more attention to the customers instead of management. Organizational structure change to workers, the organization needs encouraged employees who accept changes, share, and motivate their new style of working processes. On one hand, the organization must in-depth training and motivation their employees, such as provide the team work knowledge and creative new type of jobs. On the other hand, the organization must encourage their workers via incentive systems and involvement in the decision-making process (Marta 1999). Lastly, communication issues to managers are more crucial in the organization. For example, in most of the companies, they employees are working for the company, it is not only for the better paid, but also really focus on the senior managers who are respect or take care them as a word or a gesture. While these are absolutely small changes to managers, but to workers are really more respects or thanks to managers, prompted them to performance well, these are without money issues, each worker needs esteems and trusts. Communication processes involved in all departments and people at all levels of the organization (Winklhofer 2002). People should be kept as open as possible to ensure success. It can help higher management transform information about the business and BPR progress across the organization and make workers more ensure and understand what exact their role in the change process (David 2005). It will be reduce resistance of change process and give feedbacks to the higher level managers, such as the training issues or promotions, employees cannot be controlled, they can be encouraging innovation, sharing information, and providing a change blueprint (David 2005). However, there were 70% of BPR projects failed (Ralph 2000). It had have many reasons about failure of BPR, including have â€Å"ill-defined scope and processes defined, inaccurate information and data, lack of executive commitment and sponsorship, limited guru to proceed and fast changing technologies† (Ralph 2000). One of the typical unsuccessful example of BPR in the organization, management risks involve operational problems such as lack of customer focus, transaction issues, and lack of time to execute the project. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper provides general theories and examples about Total Quality Management (TQM) and Business Process Re-engineering (BPR). Although there are many critical articles about TQM and BPR, and the high rate of failure cases. While, it is not deny that BPR established on the TQM programmers, there are similarities both of them such as high quality, continuous improvement, and working efficiency. However, there are basic different between TQM and BPR. For example, TQM do not changing the existing processes, it is focus on continuous improvement and customer satisfaction. In contrast, BPR is changing the existing processes, reengineering the whole processes, set up the new processes instead of old one. References Boaden, R.J. (1996) What is TQM †¦and does it matter?, Total Quality Management (in press). Christina, D. C. (1997) TQM and BPR: Beyond the beyond myth Journal of Management Studies 34:5 September 1997 David, P., Ruey-Dang, C. (2005) The State of Business Process Reenineering: A Search for Success Factors. Total Quality Management Vol. 16, No.1, 121-133, January 2005 Delvin, G . (2002) A Wider View of Business Process Reengineering. February 2002/Vol.45, No.2 Fisher, L. (1994) Total quality: hit or myth? Accountancy, 50-1 Grint,K. (1994) Reengineering history: social resonances and business process reengineering. Organization,1, 179-201 Hammer, M. Champy, J. (1994) Reingenierla De La Empresa ( Redesign of the Business), Barcelona, Spain: Parram6n, 1994 James, Y.L., Thong., Chee-sing,Y., Kin-lee, S. (2000) Business Process Reengineering in the Public Sector: The Case of the Housing Development Board in Singapore. Journal of Management Information Systems. Summer 2000. Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 245-270 Marta, F, O. (1999) Information Technology in Business Process Reengineering March 16-23, 1999 Ruth, J. B. (1996) Is total quality management really unique? Total quality management, Vol, 7, No.5, 1996, pp553-570 Ralph, L. K. (2000) Risk management for business process reengineering projects pp71-73 William, J. K., James, T.C., Subashish, G. (1996) Inforamtion architectural design in business process reengineering Journal Information Technology (1996) 11, 27-27

The Three Spirits in Dickens’ A Christmas Carol Essay -- English Liter

The Three Spirits in Dickens’ A Christmas Carol In Dickens’ Ghost story ‘ A Christmas Carol’ we are shown a story of redemption. Dickens uses description, sarcasm and many other effects to create the sudden changes of atmosphere in the novel. I will look at how Dickens creates such a structured book and what causes it to be so effective. However before I begin to examine Dickens’ methods I will see how each of the mysterious spirits affect Scrooge and how he responds to them. Ebenezer Scrooge is a miser if ever there was one - grasping and covetous, rich and penny-pinching. Dickens describes how he keeps a clerk, Bob Cratchit, on a measly fifteen shillings a week and a very small fire. His only family, a nephew named Fred, tries to get him to spend Christmas with him and Scrooge's only reply is "Bah. Humbug." The name Scrooge itself sounds sinister in itself†¦ His name screw + gouge shows he is hard -hearted. He is visited by four spirits. The first is of his former partner, Jacob Marley, who arrives on Christmas Eve. Jacob tells him he made his chain link by link and his spirit is condemned to walk the earth desperately trying to help his fellow man to no avail. He tells Scrooge their last hope is to be visited by three Ghosts - the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. Scrooge dismisses his vision, saying "there's more of gravy than of grave about you, whatever you are" and goes to sleep. Scrooge is redeemed because he learns how to let his spirit walk among his fellow men. He shows this by becoming 'a better man, a better master' as the good old city ever knew. He reveals his progress slowly by his actions, reactions and emotions. ... ...th the discovery that many think him a monster of a man. Scrooge finds most out about himself from this Spirit, and mixes his joy with his remorse and pain. The Spirit of Christmas Yet to Come is perhaps the least accessible character, but the line â€Å"the kind hand trembled† right at the end of its visit shows that it has goodwill. Its lack of violence and terror impresses Scrooge further. It must put the finishing touches to Scrooge, ensuring he is aware of his own mortality and to encourage him to change his life for the good. Scrooge’s dream is a growing process, starting from the one extreme of an old boring humble miser, and finishing up as a model of goodwill and religious generosity. Charles Dickens achieves what he attempted to do. With the use of humorous words and fantastic Ghosts he tells us a deep moral story which is still relevant today.

7-Eleven Casestudy

INTRODUCTION The ability to respond quickly to the ever-changing marketplace is paramount to the success of most businesses. The convenience-store industry is a highly competitive one and 7-Eleven’s ability to become a leader market leader appears to be based on the company’s ability to quickly respond to the rapidly changing tastes and needs of the market. 7-Eleven has not always enjoyed success, especially in the 1980s when things got really bad for the company. Helped, however, arrived in the form of Ito-Yokado (the company’s Japanese Licensee).Ito-Yokado revamped the entire retailing approach of the company by introducing an innovative approach to retailing which, along with the aid of technologically advanced systems, significantly impacted 7-Eleven’s success. ANALYSIS Ito-Yokado’s innovative approach to retailing is known as â€Å"tanpin kanri† or â€Å"item-by-item management†, a business approach that revolves around the follow ing: 1. Carefully tracking and paying attention to the fine details of the buying preferences of customers 2. Allowing the customers tastes and shopping habits to dictate the products that are carried in 7-eleven stores. -Eleven has been able to simplify the process of tracking and paying very close attention to the shopping habits of their shoppers by using the information systems installed in all of their stores. USING TECHNOLOGY TO IMPACT SUPPLY CHAIN VISIBILITY, VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY Technology plays a vital role in 7-Eleven’s supply chain. The company’s state-of-the-art information systems appear to have reduced the company’s supply chain risks by increasing visibility, while reducing variability and uncertainty. Supply Chain Visibility Supply Chain visibility is the ability to access relevant supply chain information.Thanks to cutting-edge technology, like the Mobile Operations terminal or MOT, 7-Eleven knows the exact amount of individual items that are sold in each of its 5,800 North American stores on a daily basis. Another technology: the MC3000 handheld scanner lets the company collect data on items as they come off delivery trucks- increasing the company’s visibility on a real-time basis. 7-Eleven’s supply chain visibility has been greatly impacted by technology as it allows the company to better predict, with great accuracy, the number of individual SKUs that each store will sell. Supply Chain VariabilitySupply chain variability involves volatility in the flow of goods and services in a supply chain. By having the right systems in place, 7-Eleven’s supply chain variability appears to have significantly decreased. The MOT system at 7-Eleven, for example, allows stores to better forecast the number of individual SKUs, resulting in decreased storage and spoilage costs; and the elimination of potential bullwhip or snowball effects. MOT has also slashed the amount of time and labour that it takes to count inventory and to order new products, causing an improvement in company efficiency and a decrease in variability.Supply chain uncertainty Supply chain uncertainty occurs when decision makers do not know what to base their decisions on (due to a lack of proper information). 7-Eleven store managers used to color code information manually physically keep track of frozen sandwiches by their written expiration dates and would sometimes make sandwiches on the premise when instructed by corporate management. Information systems now allow stores to accurately forecast the number of stock/items that need to be replenished, resulting in significantly reduced uncertainty. THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY AT 7-ELEVENTechnology has played a crucial role in increasing 7-Elevens profitability and market share. The hundreds of millions of dollars that the company has invested in technology in the past decade appear to be paying dividends in the following ways: †¢Increased profitability: Last year, t he store reported $12. 2 billion in revenues †¢Increased share prices: Company stocks have soared above $30, since trading for less than $6 in early 2003. †¢Consecutive sales increases: The company boasts 35 consecutive quarters of same-store sales increases Technology plays a crucial role in the gathering, analyzing and distribution of information at 7-eleven.While other convenience stores chains have just gotten around to POS scanning, 7-Eleven has item-by-item information gathering systems that assist in day-to-day decision making. 7-Eleven’s retail information system or RIS provides timely sales data that enables stores to tailor their product assortments to meet the demands of their customers, reducing the risks involved in introducing new products ( due to the availability of sales data within 24 hours of a product’s introduction). The 7-exchange data system for category management, which suppliers access online, provides insights that can lead to new p roducts or product packaging.The information on this system can even alert suppliers to a potential or missed opportunity. 7-Eleven’s has opened its doors to small suppliers through its Web Vendor terminal. Suppliers who cannot afford EDI use this to communicate with the company and accept orders for very specific items like ethnic items or the self-serve espresso in a Manhattan store 7-ELEVEN’S BUSINESS STRATEGY The driving force behind 7-Eleven’s success appears to be the company’s ability to execute a Customer Intimacy strategy.Customer intimacy involves targeting specific market segments, then tailoring offerings that meet the demands of these segments. Companies that excel at this are known to: 1. combine detailed customer knowledge with operational flexibility (so they can respond quickly to fulfil the needs of their customers) 2. Continuously tailor and shape their products and services (in order to fit their customers). According to Keith Morrows, 7-Eleven’s CIO and VP of information systems, â€Å"decisions about what should be in the store are best made at the store, at the moment of truth, by people in the store, on a real-time basis†.This allows the company to shape their stores around the customer’s day-to-day habits, instead of basing company decisions on focus groups, marketing research or non-scientific guesses. Pursuing a Customer Intimacy strategy can be expensive: 7-Eleven spent $93 million on technology as the company installed new HP servers, wireless LAN, computer-based training software and new ordering system for fresh foods. Customer intimate companies, however, are willing to spend in order to build long-term customer loyalty that provides lifetime value to the company.

5 Things All Students Worry About

Let’s face it – being a student can be stressful at times. We know that you might be having the time of your life meeting new people and learning new things, but there are some fundamental concerns that most students face at some time during their university careers. Here are our top 5 concerns that students can face, and what you can do to alleviate them. 1. ‘I can’t afford being a student’ All student’s worry about money. The fact is, when you are studying pretty much 24-7 without a regular income, then finances can get a bit tight; after all your student loan will only go so far! Picking up some part-time work can be a great way to alleviate this stress, so why not check if any bars, shops or even your Student Union have any vacancies. You can also make ?50 easily by referring a friend to our site – Click here for more information. 2. ‘I’m falling behind on my course’ Sometimes your course can seem quite daunting, but that’s to be expected – you are being introduced to a lot of new ideas and a higher level of study. For many this can feel overwhelming and a lot of students stop attending lectures as a result. If you feel that you are struggling to keep up with your course, why not speak to your lecturer who will have helped others in a similar situation as you lots of times before.3. ‘I haven’t revised enough!’ This worry usually comes about when students see how much revision their friends are doing; but the fact of the matter is that everyone revises differently and just because your roommate has temporarily moved into the library doesn’t mean you should start to panic. The best way to reassure yourself that you are doing enough revision is to draw up a revision plan, clearly write out the key topic areas that you need to go over and make a plan to tackle each subject area bit-by-bit. Check out our guide to Essential Revision Tips. 4. ‘I feel so far away from my home and family’ Whether you are an international student, or have moved to another city – It’s very common for students to feel homesick and a little bit isolated when in an unfamiliar environment. The best remedy for this is to go out and embrace what the new location has to offer– explore the area and local clubs, get involved with the student union actives or sports club. Before you know it, not only will you have new friends, but also a familiarity with the city so that it will feel just like a second home. Check out our guide for International Students. 5. ‘I want the best marks – but I don’t even know what a top class essay looks like!’ This is a tricky one – many lecturers will hand out example essays for you to look at but rarely identify what it is that defines a top-quality essay, or the key things the examiners are looking out for. Even if they do, the essay might not be entirely relevant to your argument. This is a worry that our site can alleviate – we can provide you with top-quality essay guides and resources that are 100% tailored to fit your needs, and that you won’t find anywhere else. Fact. Click here to find out more.

Patient Faces With Pre Eclampsia Health And Social Care Essay

On scrutiny her blood force per unit area was elevated at 171/107 mmHg. Her pulse 81 beats per minute, respiratory rate 15 breaths per proceedingss, and temperature was 36.4 & A ; deg ; C. Her piss sample showed ++ 2 albuminuria. There was grounds of hydrops in her face and upper and lower appendages and her lower deep sinew physiological reactions were alert but without any clonus. JB denied any ocular perturbations and epigastric hurting. On palpitation of the venters, the symphysio-fundal tallness was 38cm. The foetal prevarication was longitudinal and the back appeared to be on the right. The presentation appeared to be cephalic and the caput was 3/5 engaged. Electronic fetal monitoring showed foetal bosom rate at 135 beats per minute ( beats per minute ) , with reassuring variableness. There was no slowing and acceleration was normal. It was besides noted no contractions were present. Her prenatal attention had been shared between the infirmary and her general practician and was uneventful until she was admitted to hospital on this juncture. On briefly reexamining JB ‘s past medical history she has seasonal allergic reactions every bit good as long standing asthma in which she uses a salbutamol inhalator to alleviate her symptoms. JB besides has a history of depression. In her household history her male parent suffers from high blood pressure every bit good as cirrhosis and her female parent has a singular medical history of extended medical conditions such as high blood pressure, angina, and transeunt ischaemic accidents. Both her maternal grandparents had a history of type 2 diabetes. With respects to her societal history, JB works as a client helper and lives with her spouse. JB has ne'er smoked, and has non taken intoxicant since happening out she was pregnant. Her past obstetric history is singular for recurrent abortions. She had two abortions at 6-8 hebdomads and one ectopic gestation a twelvemonth and a half ago which miscarried of course at 10 hebdomads. The initial probes showed ; a normal full blood count, liver enzymes and creatinine. However urate ( 0.37 ) and the protein: creatinine ratio ( 44 ) degrees were elevated. JB is showing cardinal central symptoms of pre-eclampsia including high blood pressure, albuminuria, hydrops, and increased physiological reactions. A diagnosing of terrible pre-eclamptic toxemia of pregnancy was made, JB was admitted and intervention was commenced, with 10mg Procardia. With JB being admitted onto the ward, there was uninterrupted monitoring of blood force per unit area and foetal monitoring utilizing CTG. The following forenoon JBs blood force per unit area stabilised to 128/74 and JB reported feeling better. With her BP stalls and a reassuring CTG a determination to bring on bringing was made and she was given 3g prostin over three twenty-four hours ‘s. However there was hapless response and the neck remained stubbornly unchanged and so it was decided the babe would necessitate to be delivered via cesarean delivery.Section B: PathophysiologyPreeclampsia is portion of a spectrum of conditions known as the hypertensive upsets of gestation. It is defined as a multisystem upset characterised by the new oncoming of raised blood force per unit area ( ?140/?90 millimeter Hg ) and albuminuria ( at least 1 + on dipstick or ?0.3 g/24 hours ) after 20 hebdomads of gestation. Although the triping event originating the syndrome is unknown, a two phase th eoretical account of pre-eclampsia has been proposed. The primary phase is symptomless, characterized by failure of placental vascular reconstructing during the first trimester ensuing in decreased placental perfusion taking to placental ischaemia and release of placental merchandises into the maternal circulation. Consequently this initiates the 2nd, diagnostic phase, the maternal syndrome in which endothelial disfunction precedes the clinical manifestations of the disease including characteristic high blood pressure, albuminuria, and glomerular endotheliosis. There is besides hazard for developing the HELLP syndrome ( haemolysis, elevated liver map enzymes and low thrombocytes ) , eclampsia, and other end-organ harm. Phase 1 In normal gestation, following nidation, the surface trophoblast cells of the adhering blastodermic vessicle differentiate into an interior cellular bed, the cytotrophoblast, and an outer syncytiotrophoblast. The uniform cytotrophoblasts found in the interior bed can develop into hormonally active villous syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous grounding trophoblastic cell columns, and invasive intermediate trophoblasts. The extravillous trophoblastic cells proliferate from the tips of grounding chorionic villi to organize the cytotrophoblast shell which line the uterine pit. Cytotrophoblasts continue to migrate through the uterine endometrium until they reach the coiling arterias, by which clip they have differentiated into an endothelial-like cell type. Endovascular trophoblast cells begin to reconstruct the coiling arterias by replacing the endothelium and smooth musculus cells ensuing in the devastation of median elastic, muscular and nervous tissue. These physiological alterations re sult in an increased vas diameter taking to the creative activity of a low-resistance arteriolar system and an absence of maternal vasomotor control, which allows the dramatic addition in blood supply to the turning foetus. In pre-eclampsia this physiological distension does non happen adequately therefore ensuing in placental hypoperfusion and ischaemia. The ischaemic placenta may take to the production of cytokines and growing factors every bit good as simulate placental programmed cell death or mortification, ensuing in release of humoral or particulate stuffs into maternal systemic circulation that promote generalised maternal vascular endothelium disfunction, climaxing in the clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia. The invasion of trophoblast cells is regulated by factors expressed by the decidual barrier. These factors include cell adhesion molecules ( CAMs ) , extracellular matrix ‘s ( ECMs ) , proteases, growing factors and cytokines. Malfunctions in any these factors may take to hapless trophoblast invasion and later preeclampsia. Immunological factors play a chief factor in preeclampsia. Abnormal placentation may be the consequence of maternal immune rejection of paternal antigens expressed by the fetus. Normally HLA-G, a category 1B MHC antigen, expressed by the extravillous trophoblasts protects from natural slayer cell lysis. Womans who develop preeclampsias do non look to show this HLA-G and hence are non protected. Phase 2 The clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia can be linked to the pathophysiological alterations that occur including vasoconstriction, activation of curdling cascade and decreased plasma volume. Development of high blood pressure is a primary characteristic of pre-eclampsia. During normal gestation, although through maternal physiological versions there is a 30-50 % addition in cardiac end product, the lessening in peripheral vascular opposition consequences in reduced arterial blood force per unit area. However, adult females who develop preeclampsia experience widespread vasoconstriction, increased peripheral vascular opposition, and decreased cardiac end product. Evidence shows at that place to be an overdone sensitiveness of the vasculature of adult females with pre-eclampsia to all vasopressors endocrines, best known is the increased reactivity to angiotensin II. This addition in vascular responsiveness is thought to be mediated as a consequence of change in the balance of prostaglandins due to the harm to vascular endothelial harm. JB BP when she present was 171/107 mm Hg. This is a well elevated force per unit area. Although unstable keeping and hydrops occurs in patients with pre-eclampsia they are besides a characteristic of normal gestation. Plasma volume additions by 50 % in unsophisticated gestations and normal gravidas sometimes experience hydrops. However in preeclampsia plasma volume is decreased by 15-20 % and in these instances adult females experience rapid weight addition and generalized hydrops as a consequence of an unnatural displacement of extracellular fluid from the vascular to the extravascular compartment hence keeping a low plasma volume and an increased interstitial fluid volume. With inordinate accretion of interstitial ECF, the presence of peripheral hydropss peculiarly in the face and custodies is seen, as in the instance of JB. Besides as a consequence of the lessened plasma volume, comparative hemoconcentration is observed in pre-eclampsia. JB heamoglobulin was 120g/l which is the lower bound of being high. Womans with pre-eclampsia besides have markedly decreased nephritic plasma flow ( RPF ) and glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) . The diminution in RPF is attributed to vasoconstriction, whereas the autumn in GFR is related both to the diminution in RPF every bit good as to the morphological alterations in the kidney. These characteristic pathological alterations of pre-eclampsia are termed glomerular endotheliosis and consist mostly of pronounced puffiness of the glomerular endothelial cells sufficient to obstruct the capillary lms, with some inclusions in the capillary cellar membrane but with practically no alteration in nephritic podocytes. The structural lesion is accompanied by functional alterations in nephritic hemodynamics which correlates best with the magnitude of hyperuricemia and albuminuria. Early to middle gestation serum uric acid normally falls good below 0.24 mmol/l in patients with pre-eclampsia degrees frequently rise & amp ; gt ; 0.27 mmol/l as seen in the instanc e of JB ( 0.37 ) . A figure of surveies have correlated the rise in serum uric acid with the badness of pre-eclampsia and with the extent of glomerular hurt. Left untreated, pre-eclampsia can come on to life endangering paroxysms signifier termed eclampsia. Another peculiarly unsafe signifier of pre-eclampsia is the HELLP syndrome. This discrepancy is characterised by the sudden visual aspect of a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, a quickly falling thrombocyte count, and ample increases in hematoidin and liver enzymes. Emergency break of gestation is needed to avoid hepatic or nephritic failure, sepsis, eclampsia, and decease.ManagementTreatment for high blood pressure in gestation nowadayss a alone series of challenges to the health care squad. An in-depth cognition of the adaptative physiological, psychological and societal procedures is required in order to take the optimum direction for the female parent and her foetus. Incomplete apprehension of the etiology in pre-eclampsia has hindered efforts at bar. However effectual and equal prenatal attention direction of preeclampsia has lead to the reduced mortality related to this upset. This includes early sensing and referral of adult females at high hazard, careful monitoring with bar and intervention of complications, and a determination sing timely bringing. Delivery remains the lone healing intervention for pre-eclampsia although the disease procedure may non decide instantly. After diagnosing, subsequent intervention will depend on the consequences of initial maternal and foetal appraisal. The chief end for direction of pre-eclampsia is finally to protect the safety of the female parent and prevent patterned advance to eclampsia and so the bringing of a healthy neonate. Although bringing is ever appropriate for the female parent, it might non be best for a really premature foetus. The determination between bringing and anticipant direction depends on foetal gestational age, foetal position, and badness of maternal status at clip of appraisal. JB direction was given in conformity to guidelines from Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Based on JB diagnosing at 36.5 hebdomads she was admitted to hospital with the determination to bring on labor and let a vaginal bringing. Observations of critical marks including BP, bosom rate, O impregnations, and respiratory rate were recorded every 15 proceedingss along with uninterrupted CTG monitoring. A 10 milligram dosage of unwritten anti hypertensive Procardia was given to stabilise her blood force per unit area before she could be induced. The exclusive demand to handle is to forestall the haemorrhagic squeal of high blood pressure, in peculiar intellectual bleeding, instead than change the patterned advance of the disease procedure. Antihypertensive drug therapy is recommended for pregnant adult females with systolic blood force per unit areas of ?160 and diastolic blood force per unit areas ? 110 millimeter Hg. The end of intervention is to take down systolic force per unit area to 130-150 mmHg and diastolic force per unit area to 80 to 100 mmHg. It is besides of import that blood force per unit area is lowered bit by bit to forestall hypotension as placental perfusion can be adversely affected and comprom ise the foetus. With a conservative direction program in topographic point and JB was stable, the BP was measured every four hours during the twenty-four hours. Other appraisals required in this instance were full blood count, liver map and nephritic map trials, which were carried out daily. There are many possible picks of antihypertensives that are appropriate in gestation. Methyldopa and Trandate are first line antihypertensive drugs used in intervention of pre-eclampsia. Methyldopa is a centrally moving alpha2 agonist that reduces sympathetic escape activity. Although it has a long path safety record, due to the common drug side effects of depression, in the instance of JB with a history of depression it was agreed an option should be used. The usage of Trandate was besides contraindicated in JB instance as she is wheezing. Labetalol is a non selective beta blocker and a selective alpha blocker. As both of these were contraindicated in JB instance, nifidipine was prescribed alternatively. Nifidipine is a type 2 Ca channel blocker which is normally used as a 2nd line agent in instances where blood force per unit area is defiant to intervention with alpha methyl dopa and beta blockers. It acts by suppressing the inward transportation of Ca ions from extracellular infinite and by the suppression of uptake by smooth musculus cells. Its primary consequence is that of doing relaxation of smooth musculuss. Due to the ability to vasodilate the vasculature with full reversibility on halting the drug has resulted in it going a widely used antihypertensive. Once the BP was stabilized, initiation of labour commenced. It is recommended that adult females in presence of terrible pre-eclampsia at or beyond 34 hebdomads ‘ gestation to be induced to forestall the patterned advance of the disease to eclampsia. Initiation of labour was stimulated via prostin E2, which contains dinoprostone. Its mechanisms of action are similar to the natural cervical maturation procedure. It is administered intravaginally to bring on cervical maturation by straight softening the neck, loosen uping the cervical smooth musculus, and bring forthing uterine contractions. There has been some argument of the usage of dinoprostone in adult females with a history of asthma ; nevertheless PGE2 is a bronchodilator, therefore non contraindicated to utilize, in JB instance. For adult females whom there is a concern about the hazard of eclampsia, it is recommended they receive Mg sulfate as a contraceptive to protect against ictuss, nevertheless in JBs instance it was held off. The MAGPIE survey demonstrates that the hazard of eclampsia is more than halved in these adult females. However, it is besides deserving observing that merely 1-2 % of preeclamptic adult females in the UK had fitted in the absence of anticonvulsant intervention. Specific cautiousness is needed when administering Mg sulfate when nifidipine has antecedently been taken as it increases plasma concentration and hence the authority of the drug. If magnesium sulfate is given, it should be continued at least 24 hours station partum, as the hazard of eclampsia does non decide instantly after bringing. Most adult females with terrible pre-eclampsia will necessitate inpatient attention for 4 yearss or more undermentioned bringing. JB was discharged on.. twenty-four hours after careful reappraisal of her clinical marks. She was continued on her anti hypertensive intervention, and was to be followed as an outpatient. JB was besides offered a formal postnatal reappraisal to discourse the events of the gestation every bit good as prepossession guidance.EpidemiologyPreeclampsia complicates about 2-8 % of gestations and may hold serious effects on the female parent and kid, which makes it of import menace to pubic wellness in both developed and developing states. Worldwide maternal mortality and morbidity from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia remain high, it is estimated to be responsible for about 14 % of maternal deceases per twelvemonth ( 50000- 75000 ) . Pre eclampsia is estimated to account for fifth part of prenatal admittance, two-thirds of referrals to day-care assessment units and one -fourth of obstetric admittances to intensive attention units in the UK. The cost of handling pre-eclampsia varies between & A ; lb ; 500- & A ; lb ; 10000, amount of infirmary stay, initiation costs, and manner of birth, and pre-admission costs. Due to betterments in prenatal attention in the UK, syndrome of eclampsia and development of HELLP syndrome is now rare. Eclampsia is reported in 1 in 200 gestations. Besides perinatal mortality rates are bit by bit bettering, due to progresss in prenatal attention, early sensing, improved anesthesia, early bringing and adept neonatal paediatric attention. Factors that increase the hazard of pre-eclampsia include nullparity, Afro-american cultural background, multiple gestations, fleshiness, chronic high blood pressure, molar gestation, household history of pre-eclampsia and a old history of pre-eclampsia.PsychosocialWomans developing pre-eclampsia are exposed to considerable sum of psychological and societal emphasis. These stress perturbations in bend may hold a important impact on the female parent and babe during the of import early months following bringing. Preeclampsia is a disease which develops without warning hence as JB reported, she found herself holding to cover with the unexpected and dramatic alterations in foetal wellness hazard every bit good as her ain all of a sudden. The diagnosing of pre-eclampsia involves a grade of daze, fright and sometimes even disbelief peculiarly to those sing it good before term. Shock comes from the fact that they were being hospitalised and felt unprepared for bringing. JB was really nervo us after being admitted to hospital as she and her babe were on a regular basis monitored and the realization of the serious effects the disease possess. There was besides a sense of defeat every bit good every bit disempowerment as JB felt she had no control over the state of affairs, and it was no longer merely a personal duty. These experiencing were amplified through the deficiency of sufficient information given on the disease, non wholly informed about her existent state of affairs, and on the medical determinations being made. There was besides an emotional load of experiencing responsible for developing pre-eclampsia and the guilt to the hazards it may hold propelled on her unborn kid. Other psychological emphasiss were demand of bed remainder, ennui and being separated from spouse during hospitalization. For those adult females who are diagnosed good before term, there is a greater hazard of prematureness. These adult females being unprepared for the experience of presenting a premature babe can be a major constituent of daze and fright experienced. When patterned advance of disease leads to complications, an exigency cesarean delivery subdivision which is normally performed can be really traumatic experience and life can all of a sudden be thrown into pandemonium. These adult females normally have less early contact with there babe and are less likely to breast provender as they are retrieving from surgery. For those who unluckily loose their babe, they will be faced with the complex and traumatic events of sorrowing. This sorrowing procedure can be coupled to relationship jobs as spouses normally grieve otherwise. Womans with pre-eclampsia are at increased hazard of developing it with subsequent gestations ; therefore it is of import they are advised of this. The experience of terrible pre-eclampsia may be overpoweringly nerve-racking. There is small clip to set to new worlds. Womans may fault themselves adding the load of guilt to the acute emotional pandemonium that follows diagnosing. Decision In decision, pre-eclampsia remains a planetary job and a clinical challenge. The mortality and morbidity for the female parent and their kid related to preeclampsia, and its complications are a major load,