Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Essay Example for Free

Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity EssayEducation and experience in the secular set-up or the what we call here(predicate) as A on that pointfores wisdom believes differently from the scriptural stand patch in whatever aspect of vivification. Psychology in general, though embraces slimly a neutral position according to some proponents, is non able to do justice to a balanced view of human behavior and virtually if not all of the individuals activities. Indeed, Author Dr. Entwistle (2004) argues about the general tendency to dichotomize or what he said as to buy into the duality between the sacred and the secular which is what seeing Jerusalem and Athens as mutually exclusive categories. From the outset I would like to say my piece regarding the point where Dr. Entwistle is coming from without backbreakinging arrogant in the same vein. He has mentioned a lot about presupposition while at the same time sounds like he doesnt anything about presuppositions . When he separated Jerusalem and the Church in his book, I present(prenominal)ly detected his lack of background in the realm of biblical theology. At the heart of Christianity or the Church that Dr. Entwistle is referring to, there is no such dichotomy.The Church in every dimension of it (or Christianity as we aptly put it) does not do any separation unless what Christ has separated. Meaning, our premise or presupposition starts with the fact that the Church and Christian spirituality or faith if one would put it simply, stands on the Judaeo-Christian context not a choice between Jerusalem or Church. The fundamental difference lies in the gr annihilate divide between Christianity and Athens or secular wisdom. It is only between the secular wisdom and biblical knowledge does the Bible place a dichotomy.Let me state what led me to this view it is because, theologically speaking, biblical authors explicitly wrote in their letters from the Old to the New Testament Scriptures that divinity has His own laws and statutes by which flavor in general must be regulated. The same knowledge explicitly and implicitly runs through the fabric of the whole Scripture (Old New), which means that the presuppositions of all of the Biblical authors, all fall into one primary election presupposition that there is one paragon, and that this One God has revealed Himself through His laws and statutes.Without the laws of God, man alone, with all of his learning, if they are all apart from the revelation of God, is mere natural or secular. This is the reason that every man ought to know these laws or statutes or biblical principles and only then can he apply these into all aspects of his secular life. This could have been what Dr. Entwistle mean to mean. One cannot come from the opposite side as what Dr. Entwistle had done instead as he hinged the argument from secular to the theological though he tested to get his ideas from the likes of great men like Dr. A. W.Tozer and early(a)s. All those peoples arguments come from biblical presupposition they have thorough knowledge of the Scriptures that they applied to various realms of life which in turn caused them to spur their readers to do the same. Trying to oppose the standpoint of apologist Tertullian, Dr. Entwistle manifestly misunderstands all of their positions, thus complicating what could have been an uncomplicated and unified sprout of thought. The main contri plainlying factors that led me to this viewpoint are my personal study of the Bible, and some works (massive) of Biblical scholars.The following discussion of renewing the mind then is a by-product of my own presupposition derived from the influence of these Biblical Scholars which include contemporary theologians like Dr. Vincent Cheung, Dr. Philip Johnson, and the father of Presuppositional apologetics Cornelius Van Til, to name a few. This thorough discussion of steering of the wicked (representing secular or Athens wisdom) and the d iscriminative counsel which embraces all of Judaeo- Christian principles (as all contained in the Bible) captures best the essence of faith-spirituality molded from this basic presupposition.The dichotomy is between what the Bible says all throughout as the Wicked or ungodly counsel versus that of Godly wisdom. Dr. Entwistle unintentionally pursued a trichotomous delineation of Judeao-Christian theological thinking from secular. This is not proper. Discussion Christians know that a big portion of Gods work in their lives is cin one casentrated on renewal of the mind. Our innate(p) again experience signaled the beginning of a new life for us rather than, as have been used by many figuratively, the end of our lifes quest for truth.It is the start of an individuals real life in that it is the time when a person experiences the quickening work of God through His Spirit (Ephesians 21-7). Lets think for a while our past life as portrayed to us in the Bible 1. ) We were once dead spiritual ly in trespasses and sins 2. ) We once walked (lived our lives) according to the course of this world 3. ) We once lived our lives (knowingly or unknowingly) controlled by Satan 4. ) We once behaved in a focusing that in everything we do, we only fulfill our desires and what in our minds looked good and pleasant.Now, knowing that we are naturally (without the saving power of God) unresponsive to God and fully responsive to the things that are not of God, we recognize our great need to be renewed or our minds oriented to the things of God things that really matter to Him and in this life (Romans 121-2). I. preferential Counsel. 1. ) Biblical/Godly Counsel Its Necessity. There is a trend being proliferated in the area of guidance or direction in ones life. The premise, if looked at the surface, seems to be sound and Biblical. It is somehow taken from the Bible. They are from the book of Proverbs.Where there is no counsel, the people fall but in the multitude of counselors there is safety. Proverbs 1114. Without counsel, plans go awry, but in the multitude of counselors they are established. Proverbs 1522. These verses, however, when balanced with other portions of the Scripture, do not say that believers should heed suggestions from others without discrimination. Lets take for example Psalms 11-6. Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stands in the travel plan of sinners, nor sits in the seat of the scornful but his delight is in the law of the LORD, and in His law he meditates day and night.He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that brings by its fruit in its season, whose leaf also shall not wither and whatever he does shall prosper. The ungodly are not so, But are like the bait which the wind drives away. Therefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment, or sin- ners in the congregation of the righteous. For the LORD knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the ungodly shall perish. It s ays here that the blessed man is he whose delight is in the law of the Lord. He meditates on it day and night (v. 2). What the Bible calls as blessed are not those who just swallow every information or trends who happen to be around. The blessed mans delight is in the law of the Lord, and his pleasure to Gods law/word is made evident in his meditating on it day and night. Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stands in the path of sinners, nor sits in the seat of the scornful but his delight is in the law of the LORD, and in His law he meditates day and night. Psalms 11-2. On the other hand, this is also a warning.A warning to those who are not careful and would let down their guard with regards to their upholding the habit of meditating or checking everything with the teachings of the Scriptures. When someone starts to entertain the seemingly harmless conventional advices of the world without allowing the Bible (Gods Word) to filter those opinions/ suggestions, the lurking danger sets in and the undiscerning is on his way to the wrong direction for he has already given thought to ungodly counsel. He entertained and has given a benefit of the doubt to counsel other than Gods counsel. This is a real case of Gods word versus Satans lies.The enemy succeeded in tempting the first couple Adam and Eve. Then the LORD God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it. And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die. Genesis 215-17. Going back to our immediate text in Psalms 11, lets try to divide its wordings in three divisions and see what does it say? It says Blessed is the man who does not (1) walk in the counsel of the wicked (2) stand in the way of sinners(3) sit in the seat of mockers. These three expressions are actually three stages of wi ckedness, or three steps towards spiritual deterioration. They illustrate the progressive stages of wickedness into which one who strays from God enters. According to the Word of God, this is what will happen to people who stray from the sound teachings of the Scriptures they will go from bad to worse. And note that, with each stage, the ungodly (anybody who ventures on this path is called ungodly) becomes more resolute and his hostility against the counsel of the inspired scriptures and function intensifies (Cheung, 2007).

Human Relationships Essay Example for Free

Human Relationships EssayWriters use many subtle things to develop many themes of their novels. The relationships a person has with individuals around him affects the way other tidy sum think about him. In the book One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn uses human relationships to ignite certain emotions indoors the referee towards certain characters. These emotions occur each time the character appears and this is used by the reader to judge the character by the types of relationships he has. By the decision of the book, these feelings have developed and support the theme of existentialism in the novel. Human relationships between the pris superstarrs and the people outside give the reader automatic first scenes of the characters in the book. Mainly, the packages sent in by these people outside show that the prisoners have someone who cares for them. Packages are seen as a luxury item by the prisoners and one of the main things mention ed during character introductions is whether the characters receive packages or not.This one fact changes the way the reader views the character. If the prisoner receives no packages from home, the reader feels pity for the characters and feels the isolation that these camps are designed to maintain. On the other hand, if the prisoners do receive regular packages, they are viewed with the same eye as privileged individuals of high society. This is important to keep the overall wit of the novel constant because any sudden surprises which cause any sort of excitement may ruin the bleak atmosphere of the novel.Sudden surprises include a character doing something which may be considered foolish in the camp. One example of this is when Caesar says to Shukov, You keep it, Ivan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn, 179) when Shukov brings him his bread. The foolish notion of giving away food is immediately luxuriant in the mind of the reader when Caesars package is cleverly intertwined in to the text as fancy stuff (Solzhenitsyn, 179) a few lines later. Another example of the readers delineation being manipulated is Fetyukov.By the time Shukov mentions that Fetyukov had three children outside but theyd all disowned him when he was arrested so there was no one to send him things (Solzhenitsyn, 56), Fetyukovs actions have created the impression of a runt with no pride who only wishes to pass his sentence with as much comfort as possible. However, when the sentence is mentioned, understanding floods the readers mind and the reader is forced to go back and think about what Fetyukov must be thinking when he scavenges things from the prisoners and the reader considers it justified for Fetyukov to act this way.

Theories Of Leadership And Trait Theory

Theories Of Leadership And Trait TheoryINTRODUCTIONThe question Are Leaders Born or Made? has been the most discussed subject in attractionship studies. There has been research related to the proposing inherited traits of leadership such as Kilpatrick and Locke (1991). However, subsequent in the century, theories surfaced regarding behavioral approaches to leadership. Blake and Mouton (1964) and Northo accustom (1997) focused on leadership behavior which contradicted the theory establishing that leadership is just for the chosen few, not accessible to all hoi polloi. Firstly, we will discuss what leadership means, then explore research and theories and its relationship with the concept of employee motif.LEADERSHIPDEFINITIONA LEADERSHIP is a social process in which one individual has the power to alludes the group of others without the use of threat or violenceTHEORIES OF LEADERSHIPThere are 4 basic theories of leadership. Given and described belowTRAIT THEORYPeoples are born (p) with inherited personal qualities know as traits.Some traits are particularly suited to leadership.People with having good leaders qualities throw away sufficient combination of traits.This theory was basically a Psychology one. In which individuals are given immenseness on their natural or personal characteristics or traits. Importance was given to nurture and discovering those traits in individuals, often by studying triple-crown leaders. But with the underlying assumption was if those qualities are to be found in other peoples as fountainhead then they, too, could sport the talent to become great leaders. Some of the traits and skill to become great leader is given below in the chart.Stogdill (1974) identified the pursual traits and skills as critical to leadersMcCall and Lombardo (1983) researched both success and failure identified four primary traits by which leaders could succeed or derail unrestrained stability and composure Calm, confident and predictable, particu larly when under stress.Admitting error Owning up to mistakes, rather than putting energy into covering up.Good interpersonal skills Able to transmit and persuade others without resort to negative or coercive tactics.Intellectual breadth Able to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a bunchtle (and narrow-minded) area of expertise.M each years back these inherited traits were being sidelined as learned and situational factors are being given due importance and are considered as far more(prenominal) realistic as reason for people in acquiring leader positions. But now they are being given importance as no individual can become leader if he has not succeedd the leadership qualities personally or consume learned from experience.SITUATIONAL THEORYThe promising reaction of the leader shows in the situational factor.When the decision is needed the leader here does not just go into the hit preferred mien such as transactional or transformational because to them thi ngs are not as simple as they seem.The factor that can affect this kind of theory is the motivation and capability of the followers towards the leader. As the relationship in the midst of a leader and the followers is another thing in this regard depending on each others behavior among the leader and the followers.Perception of the leader is also very important in this regard towards his followers because if he has good perception about his followers than he ill bring off sedately otherwise he will threaten his followers to follow him.Yukl (1989) seeks to combine other approaches and identifies six variables dependent effort the motivation and actual effort expended.Subordinate ability and role clarity followers knowing what to do and how to do it.Organization of the pee-pee the structure of the work and utilization of resources.Cooperation and cohesiveness of the group in working to receiveher.Resources and support the availability of tools, materials, people, etc.External coord ination the need to collaborate with other groups.Leaders here work on such factors as outside relationships, acquisition of resources, managing demands on the group and managing the structures and culture of the group.Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1958) identified three situations affecting leaders action. The forces in the situation the forces in the followers and the forces in leader. This recognizes that the leaders style is really variable and even such distant that a family dispute can also affects his perception and working with his followers and can create attack as well among them.Maier (1963) noted that leaders not only consider the likelihood of a follower accepting a suggestion, but also the boilers suit importance of engenderting things through. Thus in critical situations, a leader is more likely to be directive in style simply because of the implications of failure. eclectic THEORYThis theory goes with the combination of the above two theories namely THE TRAIT THEORY an d THE SITUATIONAL THEORY. This deals in having the factor of both the above discussed theories of leadership. To agree a successful and friendly environment between the leader and the followers.STYLE THEORYThis theory deals with the behavior of leader himself with his employees or the followers. If the behavior will be good the affect of the good relation of both will portrays on the situation or problem which is considered to be solved.EXECUTIVE THEORYIn this theory the manager or the leader has both a high task orientation and a high relationship orientation.COMPROMISING THEORYIn this theory the leader is misfortunate at making and sticking to decisionsBENEVOLENT AUTOCRAT THEORYIn this theory leader has some trust and regard for his team so is more effective in doing any work.AUTOCRAT THEORYIn this theory the leader has no confidence in others and is unpleasant, overbearing and less effective.DEVELOPER THEORYIn this theory the leader builds trust on the team implicitly and wants to develop them as people.MISSIONARY INTERESTED THEORYIn this theory the leader in general focussed on harmony and cooperation so not as effectiveDESERTER THEORYIn this theory the leader is someone who is uninvolved and locomote in or from the working or dealing.BEAURAUCRAT THEORYIts basically about the Conscientious of the leader himself that how much loyal is he to himself and others.CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADERSHIPACCEPTANCE OF right Leader should have the feeling to accept his responsibility.SELF CONFIDENCE Leader should have the self confidence container to avoid confusions and hesitations during his work.GENERAL CONFIDENCE Must have the ability to have confidence on plotting or presenting general views on any thing and issues regarding matter.INTEGRITY He must be the strong pallbearer of integrity or honesty to present himself well.INTELLIGENCE Leader must have the intelligence on and in his work of any type. This would avoid arguments and confusions with his work and employ ees.SKILLS OF THE LEADERSHIPThere are several characteristics of leadership which are required to become a good leader.ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY Person must have the ability to organize things and people according to their capability in doing any work.ACCEPTANCE BY PEOPLE AT ALL LEVELS Leader must have the ability to influence all peoples idea towards his own and the ability to accept him as their leader.ENERGY Must have the energy or power to deal with any situation with his followers or employees.ENCOURAGING INITIATIVE IN OTHERS Leader must have the ability to take proper and appropriate actions in different situations without any confusion or hesitation.DELEGATION Must have the input to make delegations and impress others as well.TACT Should have ability to criminal maintenance and sill in ones behavior to people, to avoid hurting or offending them.SELF-DISCIPLINE Must be disciplined as well for setting an example for his people and to look after them.PROBLEM SOLVING Leader should be able to solve any kind of problem arise during working to set up a leader impression and to be out of mistakes.OLD EMPLOYEE MOTIVATIONIn this qualitative study, the 1950s-1970s work of Frederick Herzberg, the father of work motivational research, was compared, and contrasted with current entropy study about management effectiveness to explore how employee motivation may have changed. Staff members and managers (N=38), primarily form healthcare settings, but also from academic, public, and mystic sector businesses were interviewed.Interpersonal relations now rank first as a motivating factor in this study. Recognition, the work itself, and responsibility are take over ranked as critical motivating factors. These are important to understand as work is redesigned. Supporting positive interpersonal relations among subordinates, supervisors, and peers can be viewed as an effective management strategy to facilitate employee motivation. For employees, developing positive interpersona l relations with co-workers can enhance individual motivation and may make better job satisfaction.CRITICISIM ON THE NOTION OF LEADERSHIP AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CONCEPT OF OLD EMPLOYEE MOTIVATIONThe concept of old employee motivation and its relation with the notion of leadership shall be criticized on the base that in early time people were given important on their realistic things and truths they dont have to learned any thing to acquire leadership, but now a days people have to be more sophisticated thinker and broadminded to take good decision and sometimes have to be more biased to give their company profit and make their company reach to highest peak.People now criticize the thing that old employee motivation was better as compared to now because now managers or we can say leaders are only thinking of themselves while the whole work is done by the employers as well. But employers are not given due importance in this regard now a day. So the mind set of leadership is cr eating bad affect in companies now because everyone is equally important in the team work including the manager himself.Peoples or the employees need satisfaction from their managers to get encouraged in their work and so can do much more better work in organization. Today as the advancement is change magnitude the organizations are creating partitions or fields for different work which cause lack of communication between the employees and the manager.Instead of this the raw employees that come in organizations by recruitment feel really difficult to understand the whole process of the vast organizational functions. This will make them unable to flow proper with the organization. They want to get introduced first to the system before coming its part and this will be very difficult for them if company or organization have many departments in itself.This will create a big gap between the new employees and the old existing staff as well. Which later shows disputes between the staff members and the new employees as well.In fact the old concept was to make an organization really family like structure that can be understand by any one whether new or old all should get into the flow of system its basic aim was also to take the whole team in concert with courage, equality and power so that the organization can get good output results and which boost up the profit of the company or organization.Communication between the manager and the employees creates a friendly environment in which everyone should love to exchange views and share companies problem to get the best possible solution for their company.This was also due to the reason that the employees and manager get in touch more and discuss problems with full swing which is not the part of today occurring management systems.Thus this was a basic weak point of present organizations which is affecting the countrys economy as wellCONCLUSIONLeadership is elusive but momentous, passionate but single minded a matter of patience but sudden opportunity, a great struggle for victory and finally creating a leader to replace you. As shown in the figure 0.15.http//www.uptecnet.com/rel2/tv/download/TV010407/images/fig15.gifNowadays, most scholars in the field have come to conclude that leaders are both born and made. many another(prenominal) leaders are born with qualities and attributes that assist them in leadership effectiveness. While at the same time development in their childhood and adolescence, education and later work experiences encourage and cultivate leadership abilities. (Bass, 1990 and Conger, 1992)

Comparing Old And New Technologies And Their Impact On The World Business Essay

Comparing Old And New Technologies And Their Impact On The World Business Essayengineering is a broad concept that deals with human as well as other animal species usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species ability to control and change to its environment. 1Technological change has become the driving force of innovation, productivity, growth and development of the economy.1Technology is all about using the technical and scientific knowledge we produce to help solve problems (or) to soak up life better. Now a days engine room that is already available and being used for example the internet, mobile ph unmatcheds and calculators (or) you fag in like manner develop new engineering science. Developing new engineering may be more difficult to do, but if you have an idea for this and it can be used to make public services also. 1Examples to comp atomic number 18 the Old and New technologyLaser printers vs. inkjet printers, landline services vs. cell phon es etc. Our study analyzes assiduity equilibrium in a model with an incumbent and an entrant that have heterogeneous product offering capabilities the incumbent can offer either or both types of products, while the entrant can only offer new products. Firms make capacity, pricing, or quantity decisions that maximize their ex-ante profit. Within this framework, we analyze deterministic games with perfect information and stochastic games with uncertain valuation of the disruptive technology.2New technology separates into two typesSustaining technology unquiet technologySustaining TechnologySustaining technologies hunt to maintain a rate of improvement that is, they give customers something more (or) better in the attributes they already value. It also relies on incremental improvements to an already established technology.2 profuse technology riotous technology means a new technology that unexpectedly displaces an established technology and lacks refinement and performance problem because its new technology.3A new technology that has a serious impact on the status quo and changes the way people have been dealing with something. The most disruptive technologies in history have been the telephone, computer and the Internet. 3First, disruptive products are simpler and cheaper they generally promise lower margins, not greater profits. Second, disruptive technologies typically are first commercialized in emerging or insignificant markets. And third, leading firms most profitable customers generally dont want, and indeed initially cant use, products based on disruptive technologies.3TheoryNew technology which radically changes the way things have been done in the past is commonly referred to as disruptive technology. Whilst disruption has negative connotations, if understood and evaluated early on, such innovations can also put up tremendous breakthrough opportunities to invest in paradigm shifting technology, to drive growth and the Establishment a powerful futur e position.4Disruptive technology and disruptive innovation are terms used in business and technology literature to describe innovation that improve a product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically by being lower footingd or designed for a different set of consumers.4Disruptive innovations can be broadly classified into low-end and new-market disruptive innovations. A new-market disruptive innovation is often aimed at non-consumption, 4 whereas a lower-end disruptive innovation is aimed at mainstream customers for whom price is more important than quality.4Disruptive technologies are particularly threatening to the leaders of an existing market, because they are competition coming from an unexpected direction. A disruptive technology can come to dominate an existing market by either filling a role in a new market that the former(a) technology could not fill or by successively moving up-market through performance improvements until finally displacing the mark et incumbents.4Disruptive technology Introduce a very different package of attributes from the one mainstream customer historically value, and they often perform far worse along one or two dimensions that are particularly important to those customers. As a rule, mainstream customers are unwilling to use a disruptive product in applications they know and understand. At first, then, disruptive technologies tend to be used and valued only in new markets or new applications in fact, they generally make possible the emergence of new markets.4In general, old products based on sustaining technology are perceived to be superior to the new ones based on disruptive technology. However, the latter have typical features that allow them to attract an exclusive set of customers.4Examples1. UPS is example of how new technologies can help a company to improve its operating performance. However it is using in advance(p) technology to improve the way it operates its primary business and to leverage those skills and infrastructure to move into other related lines of business. UPS has developed software applications and mobile devices with the support of radio set networks for shipping and tracking services. Its software applications work on a common platform with a single database, enabling it to optimise the route and load plans accelerated in order to surpass its competitors. 5UPS software applications generate reports for managers that allow them to better plan and control the delivery routes. Better planning and route control subject in time saving and more efficient use of resources.2. A team of robotics engineers have developed a system that makes pneumatic artificial muscles a great deal quieter than those used in labs today.6Annoying noise produced by air pumps or electric motors in human-like robots is among the factors hampering their entry into consumer market. Researchers at the University of Nevada in Reno came up with an idea how to make artificial muscles wo rk silently.6Instead of an air compressor the pressure is supplied by a sealed capsule with a metal hydride powder. The material can absorb and personnel casualty large amounts hydrogen gas if heated and cooled down. The property makes them of much interest for hydrogen motor researchers, since safe storage of the explosive gas is one of the biggest challenges for the industry.6These are the examples for the Impact of Disruptive Technologies for Technology Businesses.Disruptive technology is significantly cheaper than current and is much higher performing, greater functionality and more convenient to use.7Disruptive technologies are scientific discoveries that break through the usual product (or) technology capabilities and provide a basis for new competitive paradigm Discontinuous innovations are products, processes, and services that provide exponential improvements in the value received by the customer much in the same vein. The definitions used by different authors to describe the business dodging focus they used to define disruptive technologies. These definitions are classified by a number of business strategy parameters used to describe disruptive technologies.7Disruptive technologies and discontinuous innovations present a unique challenge and opportunity for RD organizations seeking to decide on their RD investments and forManufacturing organizations devising plans for their commercialization efforts and meeting the challenge to reinvent the corporation. These technologies do not have a proven path from scientific discovery to mass production and, therefore, require novel approaches although they are the wellspring of wealth insertion and new competency generation for the firms that introduce such innovations. Many firms, especially the larger ones, seem reluctant to familiarize themselves with these technologies quickly. The trend seems to be that these firms prefer to answer to a proven disruptive technology that has changed theProduct market pa radigm. As a result, the community of corporate customers does not readily accept them until they are proven, an suit that usually means corporate customers are late entries into the market.7Sometimes, advocates of a new technology make grandiose claims about the new technology it will divalent productivity, save lives, cure cancer, end war, and eliminate spam and telemarketing. They produce all sorts of literature enumerating the advantages of the new technology. Invariably, the new technology is immature often available in prototype form, However, that doesnt matter, because8Look at all the cool things the new technology can do.The current immaturity, instability, unreliability and other drawbacks of the new technology are stainless implementation details that need to be worked out, whereas the drawbacks of the old technology are fundamental limitations which cannot be designed out or designed around. 8What really happens is one of several things1. New technology becomes irrel evant.2. New technologys features are subsumed by old technology. New technology may become a player in the market, or maybe not.3. New technology really is a Disruptive Technology.All technology was once new technology. New technology has extended our life spans, embossed our standard of living, augmented our understanding of the universe, etc. New technology has saved many of us.

Introduction To Microbial Genetics

Introduction To Microbial GeneticsIn this experiment, handling bacteria was learned and phe nonypes of bacteria in microbial genetics are investigated. For the phenotypes, E. coli and its summercaters are physical exertiond. The second part was done to observe familyful assays to see whether or not the -galactosidase was produced or not. The last part was to assay brass constituent for minuteg units in E. coli mediocre infected with a sample of B. subtilus phage SPO1.Auxotrophic mutants require specific nutrient or compound to grow and express its phenotypes (Madoka). Bacterial harvest-time involves lac operon. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the functionality of lac operon. There are three genes of lac operon which needs for lactose metabolism lac Z, lac Y, and lac A. lac Z encodes -galactosidase enzyme, lac Y encodes -galactosidase permease and lac A encodes lactose transacetylase. (2)(1)This experiment introduces a a few(prenominal) ways to test lac phenotypes. O ne way is to use minimum lactose spiritualist. In this medium, Lac- will not grow whereas Lac+ will grow. Second way is to use MacConkey medium. MacConkey medium is a pH sensitive medium which would show red in the acidic medium. In this medium, both Lac+ and Lac- will grow on the habitation alone Lac+ would be the only one that would cristal red. The reason is because the fermentation of lactose by Lac+ produces acidic metabolite that lowers pH of the media. Third way is to use X-gal weighing machine where the inducer is also introduced along with bacteria. X-gal cleaves the -galactosidase enzyme then it is shown as blue. (1)(2)There are four ways to test lac phenotype we perform in this experiment. One is to use token(prenominal) lactose medium, and Lac- will not grow on the plate while Lac+ will. Second is to use MacConkey medium. Both Lac+ and Lac- can grow on the plate but only Lac+ will be pink on the plate because the fermentation of lactose by Lac+ produces acidic met abolites which lower the pH of the media and the pH indicator turns the plate pink. Third is to use X-gal plate which has IPTG as an inducer in the plate. Both Lac+ and Lac- can grow on the plate but only Lac+ will be blue. The last method is to use ONPG which turns yellow with -galactosidase, and units of enzyme activities are calculated. (3)(1)Material and MethodsAll procedures are performed according to the BIOL 368 lab manual (Concordia Biology Department 2013) except for the quest(a) modifications After adding ONPG, forgot to verify the twines.ResultsPart A. Growth of E.coliCultures of E. coli were grown in flask containing liquid medium and containing solid medium with agar. E. coli in the plate that contains liquid medium was yellowish. Those were circular in shape and flat. The surface was smooth and opaque. When the bacteria was introduced to liquid medium, bacterial lawn was observed. These were small and rough. Some were not opaque, more like flat.Part B. Phenotypes of WT and mutant variancesI. Auxotrophic mutantsTo examine auxotrophic mutants, JF1754 was used. This bank line requires methionine, histidine and leucine. Therefore, we predicted that it will not grow on the media where all three amino acids are not contained. As predicted, JF1754 only grew on the medium with all three M, H and L amino acids. Grown JF175 was seen as white. This is because auxotrophic mutant requires all of the required nutrients to carry out the biosynthetic pathway. On the different hand, CAG12033 requires only a minimal media to grow which means in the minimal media, it is able to carry out the biosynthetic pathway.II. Antibiotic resistanceIn this part, strain EC5827 was used. Along with CAG12033, it was introduced to LB medium and LB medium containing streptomycin. As a consequence, EC5827 grew in both of the plates whereas CAG12033 did not grew in the plate with streptomycin. This is due to the fact that the strain EC5827 is resistant to streptomycin whereas CAG12033 is not. CAG12033 does not have the resistance, and therefore, it eventually did not grow on plate with streptomycin.III. The many colours of lacIn min+ lactoseStrain NK6042 egress was not observed. This is because the lac operon was deleted from the chromosome of strain NK6042 and therefore, it cannot metabolize the sugar which prevents it to grow. On the otherwise hand the wild type grew eventually.MacConkey LactoseStrain NK6042 and wild type grew on the plate because this medium contains complex carbon source. The wild type is able to metabolize lactose and peptone and NK6042 can metabolize peptone only. However, they differed in color. NK6042 was white and the wild type was pink. This is because MacConkey medium contains pH indicator that turns pink under acidic condition. In addition, Lac+ acidifies the medium by fermenting lactose and by excreting the mixture of organic acids whereas Lac- does not. The result makes sense because wild type contains lac operon to produ ce Lac+ cells and NK6042 does not have lac operon.X-gal platesStrain NK6042 does not appear as blue, it is just transparent whereas the wild type is totally blue. This is due to what X-gal does. X-gal cleaves the -galactosidase enzyme. Then, it turns blue. Therefore, it indicates whether or not the -galactosidase enzyme is produced. NK6042 is not able to produce -galactosidase since it has its lac operon removed. However, the wild type is still able to produce -galactosidase in the minimal medium, and as a result, its color turns into blue.Part C. -galactosidase assayThe objective of the lab was to practice handling bacteria and learn methods that investigate phenotypes of bacteria. Table 3 shows the anticipated bodily process and individual volume of culture and z-buffer. There are three strains involved, CAG12033, MH321 and ML 308. Each of the strains are examined with and without IPTG. IPTG is an inducer where it binds the repressor that prevents the transcription. Then, repre ssor is no more able to repress. Therefore, inducer stimulates the transcription, and allows the production of -galactosidase. Low exertion is expected without IPTG and high action at law is expected with IPTG. In addition, cAMP level is expected to be low in comportment of glucose so the CAP protein would bind to the promoter minimally. ONPG is used for quantitative -galactosidase activity in the sense that it breaks it into o-nitrophenol and galactose. When it turns yellow, it comes from o-nitrophenol. Looking at table 2, MH321 always has no activity because, lac Z gene is mutated, so it cannot produce -galactosidase no matter what medium. IPTG only binds repressor and prevents it from repressing, so the inducer has no effect. On the other hand, ML 308 has a mutation in repressor. Most probably, it is ID and it works constitutively. Also, IPTG will not be able to bind this repressor, but this repressor does not prevent the transcription. Therefore, high activity predicted in an y cases.Table 5 shows that the prediction is eventually correct. We have highest value for the low activity with CAG12033 without IPTG 20.38 min-1 ml-1 Au-1. This is considered as low activity compared to high activity set we have and any other low activity predicted values have lower values than this. However, we earned low activity for MH321 where we predicted none. This is due to experimental error and this value is low enough to be considered as none. Therefore, our prediction for the low activity was precise. For the high activity, the highest value was found with the CAG12033 strain 1506.4 min-1 ml-1 Au-1. With ML308, we have 570.4 and 767.4 min-1 ml-1 Au-1. These values are much bigger than the ones we have as low activities. They are enough high to be considered as high activity.For MH321, we got low activity because of the following reasons mutation and contamination. One of the reasons that the mutant strains still have detectable activity is that the silent mutation mig ht be occurred. That is, the mutation of a base does not change the amino acid sequence. Also, MH321 is the strain that has a mutation in lac Z and there may be some that still has lac Z activity. The other reason is the contamination, which is the most common source of error. The container might not have been washed enough, or microorganisms in the air may penetrated in the solution containing MH321. public speaking of the expected range, we expected the activity range from 1000 to 3000. However, our values are smaller ML308 had 570.4 and 767.4 min-1 ml-1 Au-1.This is due to the fact that we did not have enough time for it to turn yellow, so, the values of the absorbance or optical density was lower than it is supposed to be.For part D, we have various mediums and various strains are used to predict which unknown is which strain. To meet out which is which, we made a table predicting in which medium the strain will grow or not. Looking at unknown 2, it only grows on min M. We ha ve the same with MH142 where it only grows with methionine plate. Also, both gives in MacConkey, white. Therefore, unknown 2 is supposed to be MH142. Because MH142 requires methionine to grow as an auxotrophic strain, it only grows in Min M. For unknown 3, the growth pattern matches MH807 and therefore, it should be MH807. With MacConkey plates, MH142 are lac- due to the white color presence of the plates. With the same principle, we figured that the unknown 5 is CAG8209 and 6 is CAG 18475. CAG8209 is tetracycline resistant and requires leucine and CAG 18475 has tetracycline resistance and requires methionine to grow. However, unknown 4 and 1 cannot be determined. They both have same growth pattern and also, both gives red color in MacConkey plate. They should be CAG12204 or D10. We need further test to identify which unknown is which strain. CAG12204 has kanamycin resistance whereas D10 does not. Thus, we can introduce this unknown to kanamycin+ minimal medium. If it grows, it is C AG12204 and if not, it should be D10. Finally, the result of unknown 7 strain matches none of the theoretically predicted result. It is due to the experimental error. We may have introduced some other unknown or solution in the medium that leaded to this error. Fortunately, it is the last unknown, and the last strain left is BW6165. So, it should be BW6165. BW6165 is only expected to grown in tetracycline and min R since it has tetracycline resistance and requires arginine to grow. However, it did not grow in our plate, therefore, if may have put something other than BW6165 by mistake such as CAG8209.In part E, SPO1 phage was introduced to E. coli and different concentration of B. subtilis cells. When B. subtilis was 10-folded and 100-folded, bacterial lawn was observed, so there were a lot of small and adjacent colonies. When it was diluted to 10-3 and 10-4, isolated colonies were found, 174 and 16 colonies respectively. We had 1.74*106 pfu titer. The section average was 1.75*106 a nd therefore, our value is very close to the section average. They are almost identical, and we can say that we successfully diluted and obtained proper colonies. In addition, when there was no phage and when 10-folded E. coli was plated in each plate, there was not a single colony found. This is because E. coli does not have the specific receptors for infection to occur by SPO1 whereas B. Subtilis does.

Austins Ditch: The Political Necessity and Impossibility of :: Austin Politics Essays

capital of Texass Ditch The Political Necessity and Impossibility of Non-Serious SpeechABSTRACT This essay seeks to show that there ar semipolitical implications in Jacques Derridas critique of J.L. Austins nonion of performative barbarism. If, as Derrida claims and Austin denies, performative utterances are necessarily contaminated by that which Austin refuses to consider (the speech of the poet and the actor in which literal force is never intended), then what are the implications for the speech acts of the state? Austin considers the speech acts of the poet and the actor to be parasites or workaday language, non-serious, and would relegate such speech to a region beyond his consideration, to a ditch outside the border of meaning for the performative. Derrida argues that the contamination Austin fears for language is needful for its very performativity. If Derrida is correct, then the performative utterances of the state (e.g. the decree of the judge, I sentence you...) from the biases of racial or sexual identity is also based upon an impossible go for, a desire that goes against the manner in which language functions. I argue that this desire for a just state cannot be satisfied unless racial and sexual identity is viewed not as parasitic and poetic, but as necessary to the performativity of the states liberal power. One will not be able to exclude, as Austin wishes, the non-serious, the oratio obliqua from ordinary language. Jacques Derrida (1)In his lectures included in How to Do Things With Words J.L. Austin seeks to exclude from his analysis of performative speech all utterances that do not fall under his pattern of ordinary speech.(2) Ordinary speech that is performative, according to Austin, effects a circumstance by means of the speaking, e.g. a sailor names a mail or a judge says, I sentence you to six months probation. Often, the desired effect is not produced because of what Austin calls extenuating circumstances. But Austins main bothe ration is for what he refers to as instances of relative purity in which there is less a chance of failure or infelicity (his term) to spoil the intentions of the speech. Also to be excluded from his considerations are instances of citations of performative speech, as in a play...a performative will be in a peculiar way hollow or void if said by an actor on the stage, or if introduced in a poem, or spoken in a soliloquy....Language in such circumstances is in special shipwayintelligiblyused not seriously, but in ways parasitic upon its normal useways which fall under the doctrine of the etiolations of language.

Essay --

Name Salma AtefID 116741Module Title Comparative PoliticsModule Leader Dr. Gamal SelimResearch Paper Topic The role of armed forces in non-democratic/ haughty systemsDue Date 19th of December, 2013The Role of military in Non-Democratic StatesThe role of military extensively varies from one expanse to another in wild of the countrys military institution. In addition, it is characterized by its various fundamental duties, which is firstly, to enhance the means of protection of the countrys borders from both, external and internal (domestic) threats which can possibly put the country in an ominous situation, and jiffyly, to meddle in urgent political affairs. In other words, to intervene in politics and take a step in to help redeem the situation, to some extent this can be held for a period of time or for a lifetime. In light of the militarys intervention which occurred in Turkey for several years, it is in fact in the interest of Egypt to be ruled under a military rule for the sake of stability and achieving the states goals yet it cannot be guaranteed. This paper will examine the role of military in deuce countries. The two case studies used are Egypt and Turkey (being used as a role model). Chiefly, the paper will be divided into three fractions the first section will assiduously define the principle of military interventions in general as well as mention its importance and under what conditions is it necessary to intervene. Whereas the second section will comprehensibly discuss and inspect the approach (methods) that Turkey had taken to result in such a democratic development after the coup dtat (1980) this was the third coup on Turkey, and thus it had several negative effects on its economy. ... ...ary and the Egyptian Revolution. Retrieved from http//www.academia.edu/3303395/The_Military_and_the_Egyptian_Revolution_Resistance_to_ReformRoberts, H. (2012). What Happened to Democracy in Turkey? A Beacon of hope in the MiddleEast is plunging into tw ilight. Retrieved from http//www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/what-happened-to-democracy-in-turkey-a-beacon-of-hope-in-the-middle-east-is-plunging-into-twilight-8399325.htmlSchwartz, D. (2013). Egypts Dangerous precedent and Turkeys hi reputation of Coups. Retrieved from http//www.cbc.ca/m/touch/canada/story/1.1356899Surtees, J. (2011). Turkey is not a free Country. Retrieved from http//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/01/turkey-free-democratic-reform-youthTachau, F. & Heper, M. (1983). The state, politics, and the military in Turkey. Comparative Politics, Vol. 16 (No.1), pp., 17-33.