Space Station :: essays research papers

hearty Import The Cracks in the SystemAn integral component to the infrastructure of government is natural law en surprisement. In over two hundred years of prosperity, the linked States has relied firmly upon the integrity of its law enforcement in maintaining order and securing the civil liberties of the American. The conduct and code of the police force in the United States has been exemplary, and has set the standards by which numerous nations stool modeled their police departments afterwards that of the U.S.. Disregarding the chain of the insidious debauchery during the 1920s where banning resulted in prevalent organized crime and police corruption, law enforcement in America has maintained its scruples. However, as America enters into the new millennium, the integrity of the United States fairness Enforcement is being compromised once again. With the recent outbursts of brutality and corruption within the urban areas of the United States, the civil liberties and publi c freedoms that this great nation was founded upon are being jeopardized as the citizens from the urban sectors to the suburban regions of America are being denied their rights. numerous incidents of police scandal have been recorded in several different cities throughout the United States. These incidents are becoming commonplace in the daily lives of many urban Americans. Police departments across the nation are becoming increasingly careless and inert in the preservation of integrity in their departments, but none have been as blatantly in violation of law enforcement codes as the Los Angeles Police Department. With its spirit in question for the better part of the 1990s after recovering from the mishandling of the 1965 Watts Riots, the Los Angeles Police Department proved has proven itself guilty of violent brutality and devious corruption in the recent scandal the largest scandal in the history of the department. In an investigation conducted by a collaboration of agencies fr om the FBI to the Los Angeles District Attorneys to the LAPDs internal-affairs unit, investigators unraveled the cases of hundreds of wrong fully indicted victims. The evidence found in these investigations have led to the reversals of forty criminal convictions and hundreds of cases opened for review, including thousands of cases awaiting examination. In the ongoing process of apprehending of sozzled of the Los Angeles police officers, there have been four indicted officers, two others fired, twenty officers relieved of their duties, and scores of officers placed under suspicion.Space Station essays research papers Social Import The Cracks in the SystemAn integral component to the infrastructure of government is law enforcement. In over two hundred years of prosperity, the United States has relied heavily upon the integrity of its law enforcement in maintaining order and securing the civil liberties of the American. The conduct and code of the police force in the United States has been exemplary, and has set the standards by which many nations have modeled their police departments after that of the U.S.. Disregarding the chain of the insidious debauchery during the 1920s where prohibition resulted in prevalent organized crime and police corruption, law enforcement in America has maintained its scruples. However, as America enters into the new millennium, the integrity of the United States Law Enforcement is being compromised once again. With the recent outbursts of brutality and corruption within the urban areas of the United States, the civil liberties and public freedoms that this great nation was founded upon are being jeopardized as the citizens from the urban sectors to the suburban regions of America are being denied their rights. Numerous incidents of police scandal have been recorded in several different cities throughout the United States. These incidents are becoming commonplace in the daily lives of many urban Americans. Police departments acr oss the nation are becoming increasingly careless and apathetic in the preservation of integrity in their departments, but none have been as blatantly in violation of law enforcement codes as the Los Angeles Police Department. With its reputation in question for the better part of the 1990s after recovering from the mishandling of the 1965 Watts Riots, the Los Angeles Police Department proved has proven itself guilty of violent brutality and devious corruption in the recent scandal the largest scandal in the history of the department. In an investigation conducted by a collaboration of agencies from the FBI to the Los Angeles District Attorneys to the LAPDs internal-affairs unit, investigators unraveled the cases of hundreds of wrong fully indicted victims. The evidence found in these investigations have led to the reversals of forty criminal convictions and hundreds of cases opened for review, including thousands of cases awaiting examination. In the ongoing process of apprehending of mischievous of the Los Angeles police officers, there have been four indicted officers, two others fired, twenty officers relieved of their duties, and scores of officers placed under suspicion.

An Analysis of Mending Wall Essay -- Mending Wall Essays

An Analysis of Mending fence Robert hoar once said that Mending Wall was a song that was spoiled by being applied. What did he mean by applied? Any poem is damaged by being misunderstood, notwithstanding thats the risk all poems run. What Frost objects to, I think, is a reduction and distortion of the poem through practical use. When President John F. Kennedy inspected the Berlin Wall he quoted the poems prime(prenominal) line Something at that place is that doesnt love a wall. His audience knew what he meant and how the quotation applied. And on the other side of that particular wall, we can find another warning of how the poem has been used. Returning from a visit to Russia late in his life, Frost said, The Russians reprinted Mending Wall over there, and left-hand(a) that first line off. He added wryly, I dont see how they got the poem started. What the Russians needed, and so took, was the poems other detachable statement Good fences make good neighbors. They applied what they wanted. I couldve done better for them, probably, Frost said, for the generality, by saying Something there is that doesnt love a wall, Something there is that does. Why didnt I say that? Frost asked rhetorically. I didnt mean that. I meant to leave that until later in the poem. I left it there. Mending Wall famously contains these two apparently conflicting statements. One begins the poem, the other ends it, and both are repeated twice. Which are we supposed to believe? What does Frost mean? The secret of what it means I keep, he said. Of course he was being cagey, but not without reason. At a reading given at the Library of Congress in 1962 Frost told this anecdote In England, two or three years ago, Graham Greene said to me... ...ating a similar import each time it is encountered. Works Cited and ConsultedBarry, Elaine. Robert Frost. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1973.Robert Frost. Mending Wall. Making Literature Matter An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. p106-107.Gerber, Philip L. Robert Frost. Ed. Kenneth Eble. Boston Twayne Publishers. 1982. 124-125Lentricchia, Frank. Robert Frost redbrick Poetics and the Landscape of Self. Durham Duke University Press. 1975. 103-107.Zverev, A. A Lovers Quarrel with the gentleman Robert Frost. 20th Century American Literature A Soviet View. Translated by Ronald Vroon. Progress Publishers. 1976. 241-260. Rpt. in World Literature Criticism. Vol. 2. Ed. James P. Draper. Detroit Gale Research Inc. 1992. 1298-1299.

The Problems with Abortion and Solutions Essay -- Abortion Pregnancy M

The Problems with Abortion and SolutionsAbortion is referred as the termination of a pregnancy or of a fetus that is incapable(p) of survival (Dictionary.com). Abortion is morally wrong and illegal because the fetus is a person. It is the same thing as murder. The reasons people wear abortions ar they are not ready to handle the responsibility of another human being, the fetus may have a birth defect, mothers heath is an issue, rape, or manifestly because they dont want any more children (Abortioninfo). The majority of people that have abortions are teenagers. Abortion is flat out wrong and should be banned. being that abortion is immoral no matter the circumstances, justifies the need for a law to make it illegal. Abortion has been pickings place since the beginning of time. It was not called abortion foul then. Pregnant women were abused which caused their children to be born prematurely. Their children were either killed or left to die (Abortioninfo). Today, this pr ocedure is way more intentional and is decided on by the mother or as the fetus knows it their home for the next nine months. Abortion has become so common these days, that there are various shipway of terminating an unwanted pregnancy. The RU-486 pill is a type of drug that produces an abortion after the mother misses her first period (SilentScream). This pill causes the blockage of a useful hormonal nutrient that causes the fetus shrivel up and die. This pill is used when the fetus is about two to three weeks old (SilentScream). The fetus has a beating effect and brain waves that move rapidly. This drug has many side effects which can be lethal. These side effects consist of liver damage, kidney destruction, heart muscles compromise, pulmonary failure... ...ly members. Those choices are much better than killing an unwanted child and they wouldnt lay to heavily on the mothers conscience. There is a slightly peachy chance of abortion becoming illegal in the years to com e. Our President, George Bush recently signed a ban on abortion and plans on taking it to court to make it illegal (Entous). This ban will cover partial-birth abortions. This type of abortion has been the subjects of many disputes and failed to make it to court. Many people were outraged and upset because it didnt protect womens rights. Who knows if abortion will ever become illegal? The way the world is going, it may never become illegal. Our values and morals have diminished and things may continue to worsen. As long as America has a strong president that stands up for what he believes in concerning the issue, we may cardinal day see it happen.

Hope for Rehabilitation for Institutionalized Youth Offenders Essay

You do the crime, you pay the while, is a common phrase uttered throughout our club in regard to juvenile delinquency. It has been suggested that a punitory response to the problem of youth violence in America is an effective means of solving the abridge of youth crime, and would also deter future offenders. As a result, the existence of rehabilitation strategies within the system available to offenders is under threat. A harsh and punitive response to youth violence was, in part, brought about by a moral panic across America. Exaggerations by the media and political figures act as instigators of panic. twain the media and politicians promoted the concept of the super-predator youth. The media played its part by publishing or airing many another(prenominal) individual stories of violent youth. Those in question represented only a small amount of the adolescent population. However, many Ameri keeps took these media-conveyed stories at face value, and it seemed to the pub lic that there could be a juvenile delinquent around every tree just slavering to steal their wallet or sell them narcotics (Howell, 27).As a political ploy, many of those running for office and looking to gain support force on this fear and called for more punitive measures toward youth violence. Politicians pushed to confine youth within adult prisons (Howell, 27). In some states, those under the age of 16 can now be sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, and the ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in the United States reserved the sort out to execution of those under the age of 18. Eighteen youths have been put to death in the United States (Howell, 39). There were high hopes of deterring violence in thi... ... considers these young mountain a lost cause, we are doing ourselves a serious injustice. They may not be able to physically give back what they have taken, be it life, possessions, or the integrit y of others or themselves. Giving comes in many shapes and sizes. A rehabilitated young man may become a mentor for at-risk kids. A young charwoman out of treatment may start midnight basketball in her crime-ridden neighborhood. Another may move on to further his education. The possibilities are endless for so many of these youths. However, they need help in accomplishing their potential. This being said, who are we to deprive someone so young with so many years ahead of them, of life and impropriety? These young people deserve a chance. They can change for the better. This can be accomplished by further investigating effective treatment. Now is the time to make it happen.

Solutions to the Air Pollution Problem in America Essay examples -- En

Solutions to the station Pollution Problem in America It is steadily becoming harder to breathe these days. Every major city in the world is experiencing the ill effects of air pollution. The level of toxic air pollutants, known as toxics, has been on the rise globally, though not nationally, since the Clean Air Act of 1990, according to Office of Air tincture cooking and Standards OAQPS, an office within the Environmental Protection Agency EPA. However, though more regions -- i.e., cities, metropolitan areas, agricultural areas, etc. -- are pieceing the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, certain areas were and still are designated as nonattainment areas. These areas are regions which do not meet all the National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS for ground-level ozone, a primary constituent of smog (USEPA-- National Air--Ozone and Carbon Monoxide 1). What are air pollutants and what is their composition? gibe to studies done by Brigham Young University on air pol lution, air pollutants are made up of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead (Health Problems 3). They are in particulate form meaning these compounds are particles 10 microns in size -- i.e., the diameter of an average human hair. In fact, most sources agree that these are the briny components of outdoor, versus indoor, air pollution. Locally, the state of Arizona has had trouble with sulfur dioxide levels in the past near mining areas such as Globe-Miami (USEPA--Breathing Easier 5-2,3). Those problems have been addressed and have been describe as below the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (USEPA--Breathing Easier ES-2,5-2,3). The big problem which remains is withi... ...tants A Citizens Guide. March 1991.United States Envirmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation. Office of Air and Radition. Environmental Indicators. WWW document. URL Go To, July 17, 1996.United States Environmental Protection Agenc y. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends notify, 1995. Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Update. WWW document. URL Go To, 1995.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. 1995 National Air Quality Trends Brochure -- cyanogenetic Pollutants. 1995 National Air Quality Status and Trends. WWW document. URL Go To, 1995.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Region 9 Air And Toxics Division. Breathing Easier 1996, A Report on Air Quality in California, Arizona, Neveda and Hawaii. Update Report, September, 1996.

Solutions to the Air Pollution Problem in America Essay examples -- En

Solutions to the aerate Pollution Problem in America It is steadily becoming harder to breathe these days. Every major city in the world is experiencing the ill effects of air pollution. The level of toxic air pollutants, known as toxics, has been on the rise globally, though not nationally, since the Clean Air Act of 1990, according to Office of Air feature mean and Standards OAQPS, an office within the Environmental Protection Agency EPA. However, though more regions -- i.e., cities, metropolitan areas, untaught areas, etc. -- are sports meetinging the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, certain areas were and still are designated as nonattainment areas. These areas are regions which do not meet all the National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS for ground-level ozone, a primary constituent of smog (USEPA-- National Air--Ozone and Carbon Monoxide 1). What are air pollutants and what is their composition? harmonise to studies done by Brigham Young University on air pollution, air pollutants are made up of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead (Health Problems 3). They are in particulate form meaning these compounds are particles 10 microns in size -- i.e., the diameter of an average human hair. In fact, most sources agree that these are the main components of outdoor, versus indoor, air pollution. Locally, the state of Arizona has had trouble with sulfur dioxide levels in the past near mining areas such as Globe-Miami (USEPA--Breathing Easier 5-2,3). Those problems have been addressed and have been describe as below the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (USEPA--Breathing Easier ES-2,5-2,3). The big problem which remains is withi... ...tants A Citizens Guide. March 1991.United States Envirmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation. Office of Air and Radition. Environmental Indicators. WWW document. URL Go To, July 17, 1996.United States Environmental Protection A gency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends cut through, 1995. Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Update. WWW document. URL Go To, 1995.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. 1995 National Air Quality Trends Brochure -- deadly Pollutants. 1995 National Air Quality Status and Trends. WWW document. URL Go To, 1995.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Region 9 Air And Toxics Division. Breathing Easier 1996, A Report on Air Quality in California, Arizona, Neveda and Hawaii. Update Report, September, 1996.

Harmonic Elimination

336 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, nary(pre zero(prenominal)inal) 1, JANUARY two hundred7 Modulation-Based Harmonic Elimination Jason R. Wells, Member, IEEE, Xin Geng, Student Member, IEEE, Patrick L. Chapman, Senior Member, IEEE, Philip T. Krein, Fel give awayset, IEEE, and Brett M. Nee, Student Member, IEEE AbstractA inflexion- base method for generating pulse waveforms with selective concordant voidance is pro make up. Harmonic voidance, traditionally digital, is placen to be achievable by comparison of a sine wave with modi? d triangle postman. The method fag be used to calculate easily and quickly the coveted waveform without solution of coupled transcendental equations. Index Terms rhythmwidth changeover (PWM), selective charitable elimination (SHE). I. INTRODUCTION S ELECTIVE good-hearted elimination (SHE) is a long-established method of generating pulsewidth modulation (PWM) with low baseband distortion 16. Originally, it was useful mainly for inverters with naturally low convertation frequency due to high power level or slow slip devices.Conventional sine-triangle PWM essentially eliminates baseband large-hearteds for frequency symmetrys of about 101 or greater 7, so it is arguable that SHE is unnecessary. However, recently SHE has received new attention for some(prenominal) reasons. First, digital implementation has become common. Second, it has been shown that there ar many solutions to the SHE bother that were previously unknown 8. Each solution has different frequency content above the baseband, which provides options for ? attening the high-frequency spectrum for noise suppression or optimizing ef? iency. Third, some applications, despite the availability of high-velocity switches, have low switching-to-fundamental ratios. One example is high-speed motor drives, useful for reducing mass in applications ilk electric vehicles 9. SHE is normally a dance digital process. First, the switching angles are calcula ted of? ine, for several depths of modulation, by solving many nonlinear equations simultaneously. Second, these angles are stored in a look-up table to be rake in real time. Much prior work has focused on the ? st step because of its computational dif? culty. One possibility is to replace the Fourier series formulation with other orthonormal set base on Walsh fails 1012. The resulting equations are more tractable due to the similarities between the rectangular Walsh function and the sought after waveform. Another orthonormal set approach based on block-pulse functions is presented in 13. In 1420, it is observed that Manuscript received August 2, 2006 revised September 11, 2006.This work was supported by the Grainger amount for Electric Machines and Electromechanics, the Motorola Center for Communication, the National Science Foundation under Contract NSF 02-24829, the Electric military force Networks Ef? ciency, and the Security (EPNES) Program in cooperation with the Of? ce of Naval Research. Recommended for publication by think Editor J. Espinoza. J. R. Wells is with P. C. Krause and Associates, Hentschel Center, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. X. Geng, P. L. Chapman, P. T. Krein, and B. M.Nee are with the Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA (e-mail emailprotected edu). Digital Object Identi? er 10. 1109/TPEL. 2006. 888910 the switching angles obtained traditionally can be represented as regular-sampled PWM where two phase- transfered modulating waves and a pulse position modulation technique achieve near-ideal elimination. Another approximate method is posed by 21 where mirror surplus harmoniseds are used. This involves solving multilevel elimination by considering reduced concordant elimination waveforms in each switching level.In 22, a general- concordant-families elimination concept simpli? es a transcendental system to an algebraic functional problem by zer oing entire harmonic families. Faster and more realised methods have besides been researched. In 23, an optimal PWM problem is solved by converting to a single univariate polynomial utilize Newton identities, Pade approximation theory, and symmetric function properties, which . If a few can be solved with algorithms that scale as O solutions are desired, prediction of initial guess values allows rapid intersection point of Newton iteration 24.Genetic algorithms can be used to speed the solution 25, 26. An approach that guarantees all solutions ? t a narrowly posed SHE problem transforms to a multivariate polynomial system 2730 through trigonometric identities 31 and solves with resultant polynomial theory. Another approach 3234 that obtains all solutions to a narrowly-posed problem uses homotopy and continuation theory. Reference 35 points out the exponentially growing nature of the problem and proposes the simulated annealing method as a way to rapidly design the waveform for optimizing distortion and switching loss.Another optimization-based approach is condition in 36 and 37, where harmonics are minimized through an objective function to obtain good overall harmonic performance. There have been several multilevel and approximate real-time methods proposed these are beyond the scope here simply discussed brie? y in 38. This manuscript proposes an alternative real-time SHE method based on modulation. A modi? ed triangle carrier is identi? ed that is compared to an ordinary sine wave. In place of the conventional of? ine solution of switching angles, the process simpli? s to generation and comparison of the carrier and sine modulation, which can be done in minimal time without convergence or precision concerns. The method does not require an initial guess. In contrast to other SHE methods, the method does not restrict the switching frequency to an integer multiple of the fundamental. The underlying idea was proposed in 39 but has been re? ned here to ide ntify speci? c carrier requirements that exactly eliminate harmonics and improve performance in deeper modulation. The method involves a function of modulation depth that is derived from simulation and curve ? ting. In this respect, it has some similarity to 15 and 16, in which approximate switching angles are calculated and ? tted to simple functions for cases of both low-( 0. 8 p. u. ) and high-modulation depth. It is interest that the proposed approach connects modulation to a harmonic elimination process. Carrier waveform mod- 0885-8993/$25. 00 2007 IEEE IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 337 Fig. 1. Direct calculation of the phase modulation function at various modulation depths with ? rst through 109th harmonics assertled.Fig. 2. Direct calculation of the phase modulation function at various modulation depths with ? rst through 177th harmonics controlled. i? cation is common in other PWM work, as in switching frequency randomization intended to reduce high-frequency components. A detailed review is outside the scope, but one discussion is given in 40. The proposed technique is not a variation of random-frequency carriers. Instead, the carrier waveform is modi? ed in a speci? c and deterministic way to bring about a certain effect. The proposed method is readily implemented in real time.The switching signals themselves can be generated by elongate comparison, while the modi? ed carrier is generated with fast digital calculation and digital-to-analog conversion. Hardware demonstration is provided here. An approximate, low-cost implementation based on present-day hardware is given in 41, but further re? nement is needed for precise elimination. II. SIGNAL DEFINITIONS AND SIMULATED RESULTS Consider a quasi-triangular waveform to be used as the carrier signal in a PWM implementation. In principle, the frequency and phase can be modulated.To represent this, consider a triangular carrier function indite as (1) where is the base switching frequency, is a phase-mod0, (1) reulation signal, and is a static phase shift. For duces to an ordinary triangle wave based on conventional quadrant de? nitions of the opposition cosine function. The modulating where signal will be represented as is the depth of modulation. The pulsewidth-modulated signal, , is 1 if and 1, otherwise. 2 In 39, a phase modulation function is considered, where is the desired output fundamental fre, but dequency. This was shown to approach SHE at low 0. . To determine a better phase-modulagrades above tion function, the conventionalism of switching angles that occurs was investigated. Fig. 1 shows the phase modulation values needed for various with harmonics 1109 conversus angle trolled. Fig. 2 shows the equal with harmonics 1177 controlled. Many other sets of controlled harmonics were tested with similar results. The pattern looks much like a shockwave pattern that can be modeled with the BesselFubini equation from nonlinear acoustics 42 (2) where is a Bessel function of the ? rst kind. The natural is in? ity in principle, but for calculation purposes function 15 or higher is usually suf? cient, as discussed below. The and have been determined by curve functions ? tting as (3) 1. and (4), shown at the bottom of the page, where 0 Fig. 3 shows a closeup view of a PWM waveform generated as in (2). Nineteen harmonics are with a carrier that uses 0. 95. The waveform is compared controlled with a (high) to one generated with conventional elimination by numerical solution of nonlinear equations. As can be seen, the switching edges match well. Fig. 4 shows a full-period time waveform and a magnitude 11.With spectrum fast Fourier transform (FFT) for this switching frequency ratio, the method eliminates harmonics two through ten (even harmonics are zero by symmetry). The 2 and the modulation depth carrier phase shift is set to 1. The spectrum con? rms the desired elimination. is 0. This value Fig. 5 shows the same study excerpt with also achieves satisfactory baseband performance, but with a different pulse pattern. The pattern provides slight differences in higher-order harmonics. For example, the 11th and 13th harto . monics vary 2%3% in magnitude as is varied from (4) 338IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 Fig. 3. Conventional harmonic elimination waveform and proposed PWM 0. 95, harmonics controlled through the 19th). waveform (m = Fig. 5. Pulse waveform p, message signal m, and magnitude of pulse waveform 1, and 0. spectrum for = 11, m = = = Fig. 4. Pulse waveform p, message signal m, and magnitude of pulse waveform spectrum for = 11, m 1, and =2. = = = In these cases, all baseband harmonics are eliminated. In three-phase systems, triplen harmonics may cancel in the currents automatically if neutral current does not ? w. Therefore it is not always necessary to eliminate them by design in the SHE process. Modulation-based harmonic elimination excluding tr iplen harmonics is similar in many respects to the case here. However, the phase-modulation functions resemble piecewise polynomials rather than the shockwave form of Figs. 1 and 2. This is discussed in detail in 38. The speed of calculating these waveforms is dictated by , the sum of monetary value to keep in the series (2), and , the number of discrete points used to approximate the waveforms. A personal computer (1. 86-GHz Intel M Processor with 1. -GB RAM) running MATLAB on Windows XP was used to carry out the calculations. First, a modi? ed triangle wave was ap100 000 points per cycle, the modulation proximated with 1, and a frequency ratio of 19 was used. depth was set to was varied from ? ve to 35. Over this range, the The number quality of solution was acceptable and the average calculation time varied from 0. 327 to 0. 915 s. Next, the same conditions 35 and was varied from 10 000 were used with except to 200 000. The average calculation time varied almost linearly from 0 . 149 to 1. 78 s with no signi? cant difference in the resulting spectrum.Finally, with held constant at 100 000, the frequency ratio was varied from seven to 51. The average calculation time was consistently near 0. 92 s. This is expected since the number of harmonics eliminated has no marking effect in (2). However, for larger frequency ratios, larger may be needed for precision. In summary, it is recommended that be set to at least 1,000 the frequency ratio and set to at least 15. In any case, with present-day personal computers the solution can be calculated in less than 1 s (typically) without iteration, divergence, or need for an initial estimate, and reduced versions can be computed in less than 200 ms.Notice that this time interval need not cause extend with real-time implementations. The carrier only needs to be recomputed with the modulation signal changes. In applications such as uninterruptible supplies, this is infrequent. In motor-drive applications, a response time of 200 ms to a command change may be acceptable as is. Alternatively, a look-up table can store some of the relevant terms to speed up the process dramatically. Dedicated DSP Please de? ne DSPalgorithms will be much faster than PC computations based on MATLAB. III. EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES To show that the proposed technique satisfactorily eliminates harmonics, the modi? d carrier was programmed into a function generator. The output provided a carrier signal in a conventional sine-triangle process. Three examples are shown below to reveal a range of interesting conditions. Fig. 6 shows the resulting waveforms for a high-depth case 0, and 0. 95. The with nineteen harmonics eliminated, and are shown at frequency ratio is 211. The signals the top, followed by the PWM waveform and the FFT spectrum. From the spectrum it can be seen that the desired harmonic-free baseband spectrum is achieved. In the next example, the phase 2.The unexpected result was that the spectrum shift is was insensiti ve to , as shown in comparison to Fig. 7. The desired spectrum occurs despite the difference in carriers. The resulting PWM waveforms at various values of may not offer obvious advantages, but it is noteworthy that they are not the same as conventionally computed SHE waveforms and would not be achievable with conventional SHE solution techniques. As another example, it is shown that the carrier base fre, need not be an anomalous multiple of . In Fig. 8, the frequency, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 339 Fig. . Experimental modulation-based SHE with 0. = = = 21, m = 0. 95, Fig. 9. Experimental modulation-based SHE with 0. = = = 13. 5, m = 0. 95, Fig. 7. Experimental modulation-based SHE with =2. = = = 21, m = 0. 95, Fig. 10. Experimental modulation-based SHE with 0. = = = 50, m = 0. 95, The in the end example, shown in Fig. 10, applies to a case where a high number of harmonics is eliminated (50 1 ratio) effectively, which is much higher than typically are reported in the literature. IV. CONCLUSION A method for calculating and implementing SHE switching angles was proposed and demonstrated.The method is based on modulation rather than solution of nonlinear equations or numerical optimization. The approach is based on a modi? ed carrier waveform that can be calculated based on concise functions requiring only depth of modulation as input. It rapidly calculates the desired switching waveforms while avoiding iteration and initial estimates. Calculation time is insensitive to the switching frequency ratio so elimination of many harmonics is straightforward. It is apt the technique could be realized with low-cost microcontrollers for real-time implementation.Once the carrier is computed, a conventional carrier-modulator comparison process produces switching instants in real time. REFERENCES 1 F. G. Turnbull, Selected harmonic decrease in static dc-ac inverters, IEEE Trans. Commun. Electron. , vol. CE-83, pp. 374378, J ul. 1964. Fig. 8. Experimental modulation-based SHE with 0. = = = 20, m = 1. 0, quency ratio is adjusted to be 201, with 0, and now 1. 0. The same nineteen harmonics are eliminated, but now the switching frequency is 5% lower. Intervals during which the carrier waveform is not triangular can be seen in the ? gure. As shown in Fig. , the frequency ratio can also be a half-in0. 95 and 0. teger. In this case, the ratio is 13. 51, 340 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 2 H. S. Patel and R. G. Hoft, Generalized techniques of harmonic elimination and voltage control in thyristor inverters part I-harmonic elimination, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. , vol. IA-9, no. 3, pp. 310317, May/ Jun. 1973. 3 , Generalized techniques of harmonic elimination and voltage control in thyristor inverters part II-voltage control techniques, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. , vol. IA-10, no. 5, pp. 666673, Sep. /Oct. 1974. 4 I.J. Pitel, S. N. Talukdar, and P. Wood, Characterization of progr ammed-waveform pulsewidth modulation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. , vol. IA-16, no. 5, pp. 707715, Sep. /Oct. 1980. 5 , Characterization of programmed-waveform pulse-width modulation, in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, 1979, pp. 375382. 6 P. N. Enjeti, P. D. Ziogas, and J. F. Lindsay, Programmed PWM techniques to eliminate harmonics a critical evaluation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. , vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 302316, Mar. /Apr. 1990. 7 D. G. Holmes and T. A. Lipo, Pulse Width Modulation for military unit Converters Principles and Practice.Hoboken, NJ IEEE Press, 2003. 8 J. R. Wells, B. M. Nee, P. L. Chapman, and P. T. Krein, Selective harmonic control a general problem formulation and selected solutions, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 13371345, Nov. 2005. 9 P. L. Chapman and P. T. Krein, Motor re-rating for traction applications? eld weakening revisited, in Proc. IEEE Int. Elect. Mach. Drives Conf. , 2003, pp. 13911398. 10 T. J. Liang and R. G. Hoft, Walsh function me thod of harmonic elimination, in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. , 1993, pp. 847853. 11 T. -J. Liang, R. M. OConnell, and R.G. Hoft, Inverter harmonic reduction using Walsh function harmonic elimination method, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 971982, Nov. 1997. 12 F. Swift and A. Kamberis, A new Walsh domain technique of harmonic elimination and voltage control in pulse-width modulated inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 170185, Apr. 1993. 13 J. Nazarzadeh, M. Razzaghi, and K. Y. Nikravesh, Harmonic elimination in pulse-width modulated inverters using piecewise constant nonmaterial functions, Elect. Power Syst. Res. , vol. 40, pp. 4549, 1997. 14 S. R. Bowes and P.R. Clark, Simple microprocessor implementation of new regular-sampled harmonic elimination PWM techniques, in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, 1990, pp. 341347. 15 , Transputer-based harmonic-elimination PWM control of inverter drives, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. , vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 7280, Jan. /Feb. 1992. 16 , Simple microprocessor implementation of new regular-sampled harmonic elimination PWM techniques, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. , vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 8995, Jan. /Feb. 1992. 17 , Regular-sampled harmonic-elimination PWM control of inverter drives, IEEE Trans.Power Electron. , vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 521531, Sep. 1995. 18 S. R. Bowes, Advanced regular-sampled PWM control techniques for drives and static power converters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 367373, Aug. 1995. 19 S. R. Bowes, S. Grewal, and D. Holliday, Single-phase harmonic elimination PWM, Electron. Lett. , vol. 36, pp. 106108, 2000. 20 S. R. Bowes and S. Grewal, Novel harmonic elimination PWM control strategies for three-phase PWM inverters using space vector techniques, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. , vol. 146, pp. 495514, 1999. 21 L. Li, D. Czarkowski, Y.Liu, and P. Pillay, Multilevel selective harmonic elimination PWM technique in series-connected voltage inverters, IEEE Trans . Ind. Appl. , vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 160170, Jan. /Feb. 2000. 22 P. Bolognesi and D. Casini, General harmonic families elimination methodology for static converters control, in Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electron. Var. Speed Drives, 1998, pp. 8691. 23 D. Czarkowski, D. V. Chudnovsky, G. V. Chudnovsky, and I. W. Selesnick, Solving the optimal PWM problem for single-phase inverters, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 465475, Apr. 2002. 24 J.Sun and H. Grotstollen, Solving nonlinear equations for selective harmonic eliminated PWM using predicted initial values, in Proc. Int. Conf. Ind. Electron. , Contr. , Instrum. , Automat. , 1992, pp. 259264. 25 A. I. Maswood, S. Wei, and M. A. Rahman, A ? exible way to generate PWM-SHE switching patterns using genetic algorithm, in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. , 2001, pp. 11301134. 26 B. Ozpineci, L. M. Tolbert, and J. N. Chiasson, Harmonic optimization of multilevel converters using genetic algorithms, in Proc. IEEE Power Electr on. Spec. Conf. , 2004, pp. 39113916. 27 J. Chiasson, L. Tolbert, K. McKenzie, and D. Zhong, Eliminating harmonics in a multilevel converter using resultant theory, in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf. , 2002, pp. 503508. 28 J. N. Chiasson, L. M. Tolbert, K. J. McKenzie, and Z. Du, A complete solution to the harmonic elimination problem, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 491499, Mar. 2004. 29 J. Chiasson, L. M. Tolbert, K. McKenzie, and Z. Du, Elimination of harmonics in a multilevel converter using the theory of symmetric polynomials and resultants, in Proc. IEEE Conf. Dec. Contr. , 2003, pp. 5073512. 30 J. N. Chiasson, L. M. Tolbert, K. J. McKenzie, and Z. Du, Control of a multilevel converter using resultant theory, IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol. , vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 345354, May 2003. 31 J. Sun and H. Grotstollen, Pulsewidth modulation based on real-time solution of algebraic harmonic elimination equations, in Proc. Int. Conf. Ind. Electron. , Contr. Inst rum. , 1994, pp. 7984. 32 T. Kato, Sequential homotopy-based computation of multiple solutions for selected harmonic elimination in PWM inverters, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 86593, May 1999. 33 J. Sun, S. Beineke, and H. Grotstollen, Optimal PWM based on realtime solution of harmonic elimination equations, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 612621, Jul. 1996. 34 Y. -X. Xie, L. Zhou, and H. Peng, Homotopy algorithm research of the inverter harmonic elimination PWM model, in Proc. Chin. Soc. Elect. Eng. , 2000, vol. 20, pp. 2326. 35 S. R. Shaw, D. K. Jackson, T. A. Denison, and S. B. Leeb, Computeraided design and application of sinusoidal switching patterns, in Proc. IEEE shop class Comput. Power Electron. , 1998, pp. 185191. 36 V. G.Agelidis, A. Balouktsis, and I. Balouktsis, On applying a minimization technique to the harmonic elimination PWM control the bipolar waveform, IEEE Power Electron. Lett. , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 4144, Jun. 2004. 37 V. G . Agelidis, A. Balouktsis, and C. Cosar, Multiple sets of solutions for harmonic elimination PWM bipolar waveforms analysis and experimental veri? cation, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 415421, Mar. 2006. 38 J. R. Wells, Generalized Selective Harmonic Control, Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. Illinois, Urbana, 2006. 39 P. T. Krein, B. M. Nee, and J. R.Wells, Harmonic elimination switching through modulation, in Proc. IEEE Workshop Comput. Power Electron. , 2004, pp. 123126. 40 A. M. Stankovic, G. C. Verghese, and D. J. Perreault, Analysis and synthesis of randomized modulation schemes for power converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 680693, Nov. 1995. 41 M. J. Meinhart, Microcontroller Implementation of Modulation-Based Selective Harmonics Elimination, M. S. thesis, Univ. Illinois, Urbana, 2006. 42 B. En? o and C. Hedberg, Theory of Nonlinear Acoustics in Fluids. Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer, 2002.

Hero’s Heart Essay

Not the glittering weapon fights the fight, but rather the heros heart. (Proverbs Quotes) I agree with Proverbs, that the heros heart fights the fight because I believe that a hero can be a hero without having to use a weapon. I believe that a hero is someone that is ment wholey strong and has the ability to lead, that it is showing dedication to a quest, and that is non liberal up make up when the world around you seems like it has prone up on you. Heroism is being capable of being mentally strong and has the ability to be a leader.In the poem A Man by Nina Cassian a man has lost an arm in while fighting for his country. The man knows that he shall wholly be able to do things by halves. (Line 3) Even though the man has lost an arm he realized that he had to set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. The man recognizes his limitations but still has the will in his mind to push forward and never stop living life well(p) because of one little set back. Also, a daughter writes about her mother, Ana, who is struggling finished crab louse.Anas daughter says that even though she is going through cancer again she gets up with a smile and still has the strength to be a mother to me. This shows that Ana is mentally strong because she is able to care for her loved ones as for someone else they would most likely give up and not want to deal with the pain any longer, especially if they agree already gone through cancer and it has come back. In addition, in the movie Mulan, the main character has to be strong and take her fathers place in the forces to save his life.She has to be mentally strong to deal with all of the things that she may face when she goes to war. Examples of heroism are when people, whether they are real people in movies or characters out of books dedicate their lives to a quest. In the Odyssey, Odysseus goes on the quest of killing the Cyclops. He has to go on this quest so that he can value the people in his village. He is a hero because he gave the Cyclops wine so that he could taste the sort of drink he carried on his ship. This shows he is a hero that goes on a quest because he had to give the Cyclops wine in order to kill him once he became drunk.Another example of heroism is Mulan the movie. In the movie Mulan, Mulan goes on a quest with the Chinese army to take the place of her father because he was similarly sick to fight therefor Mulan chose to dress up as man to save her fathers life. In the passages written by Anas family members, they all feel that she is strong and that she has the strength to carry on each an everyday. Anas quest makes her a hero because even though she going through a rough patch she never gives up. Heroism is not giving up when the world around you seems as if they prepare given up on you.For in the poem A Man, he does not give up living his life even though he has lost an arm. He has turned this solidus into a positive. He believes that where the arm had been t orn away a wing grew. (Lines 17-18) I believe that this shows the man not giving up because he could have easily let his arm that was lost be the thing that he focuses on most every day but instead makes it a commodity thing. The man set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. Also, Ana, a cancer patient has to stay strong for her family. The only thing keeping Ana from giving up is her loving family.Anas daughter states that her mother says keep going keep going, like a giant guardian angel above the well-off crowd. (Piece 3- lines 5-6) Lastly in Moco Limping, a blackguard named Moco had a dead leg. Moco wants his owner to love him as much as he loves him. I feel his secure fur and his imperfection is forgotten. In present day life the pop culture makes everything seem like if you dont get fame for it then it is not important. Heroism isnt about the fame and fortune, its about doing something for someone else or just for yourself meaning that a hero is someo ne that is brave and has noble qualities. being a hero can be as simple as saving ones cat from a tree, pulling a dog out of a whole, or even fighting a deathly disease like cancer. When you have the will power and the courage to do something to inspection and repair someone else or protect them you could be considered that persons hero. You never know if you are a hero until you do something high-flown. Throughout the process of analyzing these heroic qualities I have realized that a hero can be an everyday person in everyday life. If I am ever given the task to rise up and become a hero like the people and things I analyzed I hope I will have the courage like my characters did.

General Educational Development Questions Essay

1.Why atomic number 18 dogs mans best fri demises? Dogs are called mans best friend for many reasons. For hundreds of years, dogs deplete been friendly, loyal and protective of their human owners. For just as many years, dogs have accepted the love and affection of humans and have been greeting them with a wag of the tail all this time. A dog still wants to be your pal and play with you even if youre in a bad mood or havent spent much time with him recently. They dont judge us for things like that, they just keep wagging.All a dog wants is to be loved and loved back.2. Why are Hurricanes Dangerous? Hurricanes are considered to be very dangerous be ready they are deadly and are formed from strong tropical storms. When hurricanes happen, they result in heavy rains and strong winds that can sweep humans, buildings and livestock, ca practice session inland flooding, marine hazards and even tornadoes. With that combination, they inflict widespread destruction and can result in a large loss of life.3. Is addiction a disease.? dependance is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically move reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.Addiction is characterized by inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished lore of significant problems with ones behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death emphasis added.4.Why is getting my diploma important.?A superior shoal diploma is important to my future, because college admissions counselors and potential emplo yers usually wont consider you unless you have one. If I were to get a high school diploma and not need it, not much would have been lost. However, if I were to not get a high school diploma and then end up in a situation in which I needed it, I would be in a bad position. Even people who steady down to open their own business might need business classes, meaning they would likely need to be accepted by a college or university, and so having to present a high school diploma. It seems like many employers and facilities of higher education are willing to accept a GED in place of a high school diploma, just now not all of them are. In addition, in order to pass my GED, I should have knowledge of things learned in high school. So it makes sense to stick it out and get the diploma.5. Why you like or dislike Miami.? I like it because its nice and warm with beaches, and because its the Spanish Hollywood of the United States. I dislike it because of the streets that tend to get dirty, bu t overall theyre fine.6. Reasons why Math is important. Math is hugely important. bewitching much everything you do involves math. All careers invlove some type of math and even if you dont have a career you still use math everyday. Think about how many times a day you estimate something or figure out some type of math problem. You do use math whether you realize it or not. near jobs like an artist might not catch people as a math job but you have to add up totals of money in order to sell your art, or even when etimating paint utencils and other stuff.7. Why is your best friend so special.? My mother is my best friend, ive known her all my life. Shes the only person I know that will listen to me, not judge, offer fair(a) and real advice without having other motives. Shes just like me but were different in so many ways. I feel so call forth to have a best friend who is actually family. We can share everything from clothes, to purses, to hair items and know well get it back lol. I feel so bring up to have someone so wonderful in my life. The special for me is that I always gonna have her and her pure love.8. Why is Tanning in the sun Dangerous.? Some people think having a tan gives them a healthy glow. But a tan really shows that the skin is trying to protect itself from sun damage. temperateness damage can lead to premature aging (wrinkles), eye damage and skin cancer. Even indoor tanning is not without risk. Tanning beds and lamps can wear out you to even more harmful ultraviolet light than the sun does. And tanning products such as self-tanners,sunless sprays and pills can expose you to additional risks, according to the sustenance and Drug Administration. Before you try to get a tan, you should learn how and why our skin tans. When a type of radiation is exposed to the skin, the skin responds by producing melanin.Melanin is a dark substance that helps prevent the body from taking in too many harmful sun rays that can damage skin. The sun produces t wo kinds of rays, UVA and UVB. UVB rays are around all year and UVA rays are mostly present only during the summer. UVA rays are regarded as safer and they cause the skin to age, while UVB rays cause the skin to burn. However, some(prenominal) of these types of rays are harmful and dangerous in large quantities. Overexposure to the sun can cause sunburn and even skin cancer.

Factory Near Housing Area

An international company is planning to set up a milling machinery get along your housing area. The proposed manufacturing plant however, is believed to be environmentally hazardous. It will sully the environment through thermal befoulment, chemical pollution, air pollution, and noise pollution. Write a persuasive essay urging people in your neighborhood to proclaim against the set up of the factory. Based on Macmillan English Dictionary, pollution is the process of damaging the air, peeing, or land with chemicals or other substances. Pollution even started from the prehistoric times when man created the first fires.But nowadays, it was theindustrial revolutionthat gave birth to environmental pollution. The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities ofcoaland otherfossil fuels gave exclude to unprecedentedair pollutionand the large volume of industrialchemicaldischarges added to the growing load of untreated human desolate. Therefore, is it suitable fo r factories to be build near the housing area? People in the community should show their concerns and attention to this matter be bring forth setting up an environmentally hazardous factory near their can is extremely unreasonable.There are many kind of pollution cause by factory. One of it is thermal pollution, another form of pissing pollution. Like other form of water pollution, thermal pollution is widespread, effecting many rivers, lakes and stream more or less the world. It happens when there is increase of temperature in the stream, river or lake. Factories involve in thermal pollution when they dump water used to cool their machinery. As we all know, water used for cooling the machine warms to five to ten Celsius degree before dumped back into river or lake where it scrape from.When water temperature rises from normal temperature, the plants and animals lived in the water will die because they had been adapted to live in a certain range of temperature only. Increase in t emperature cause them to die. Therefore, we shouldnt allow this to happen because it will imply the stability of the ecosystem which also leads to decreasing food source. As we know it, many hazardous chemicals are used in factories during the production process, after which they are dumped into rivers and lakes.Issues about factories that did not dispose their chemical wastes in the correct way are also very putting surface in these days. Unused chemical substances were disposed into the rivers illegally. This had eventually endangered the water species in the river and destroyed the drinking water sources of the people. As a result, more than 40% of the rivers in China are considered unfit for drinking, while 64% of major cities and towns haveseriously polluted groundwater. We cant let this happen in our housing area because water is a very important source for us to live.Therefore building a factory near the housing area is not supposed to happen. Besides, noise pollution is al so one of the pollution that is contributed by factory. Machine in the factory produce very loud noises which can affect the health and behavior of a person. This is because unwanted noise can damage physiological and psychological health. For example, people will face many health problems much(prenominal) as annoyance and aggression,hypertension, high stress levels,tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects due to the exposure of loud noise.Therefore, if the factory is just around the corner, the possibility for the community to be effected by the loud noise is very high. It is very risky to let the community facing those loud noises as it will affect their live eventually. Another pollution that caused by factory operation is air pollution. With accelerating urban and industrial growth, vast amount of harmful waste product has been released into the atmosphere by the irresponsible citizen. The most common gaseous pollutants arecarbon monoxide,carbon dio xide, chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) andnitrogen oxides.Factories involve in air pollution when the burning of various fuels in the factory emits poisonous gasses to the atmosphere and eventually damage the air quality. Besides that, dust that comes from cement kilns, lime kilns, stone annihilating and asbestos factories are also the main causes of breathing problems and lung diseases in our country. This shows that low quality of air increase the risk for the community to be infected by disease. Therefore, factory should be build far away from the housing area to ensure the healthy environment can be built in the neighborhood.Our environment operator the surrounding of our house where we live together with our neighbors. To produce a healthy environment for us and the people around us, we should cooperate with each other and proceed any unpleasant force from disturbing our healthy life. In this situation, we should get up and protest against the set up of the factory because the dama ges that come with the factory are just too awful. It may increase the spreading of disease and disturb the balance nature of our neighborhood. Therefore we need to be united in order to provide a better living for our community.

Respryn and the Cornish Country-side

It would be a normal day in the summer holidays when suddenly the ph ane would ring. My friends and I were off to Respryn.Wed each(prenominal) grab our bags, put our swimming shorts in on with a towel, and jump onto our bikes and go. Wed all somehow meet up and and so ride along the busy Cornish town roads, which was full with cars at this time like an ants nest in the summer, up and along many concentrate hills, away our school and thence out of Bodmin into the demesneside of Lanhydrock.Wed go low a fairly steep hill which as we go down we see handle ahead of us that are laid out like the squares on a patch work quilt. Lots of different shapes and non all attached properly to purposeher like they should. At the bottom of the hill we turned right into a dimly lit itty-bitty forest where the ground in autumn is filled with the vibrant colours of dead exits. Every time our wheel rotated we herd the crackling of a bonfire as despatched twigs and beginninges crumbled below us. In the hindquartersground we would hear the faint cry of an owl but the main sound was the rumbling and roaring of the cars passing by on the nigh main road. We left the forest and then mounted onto a newly built bridge that crossed the main road we herd from the forest.Myself and my Friends, Craig and Jamie like to give away here and look down on the passing cars. We like to play a game we call Emmett spotting, which is where wed try and spot as many tourer or foreigners we can that arent from Cornwall. I found it amazing how so many cars enter my stationtown and how so little leave they all cant be here to extend Occasionally a passing lorry or truck would honk its horn at my friends as they try and provoke other drivers to do the same. formerly we had a driver wanton a gesture at us, which included him making the middle finger on his hand stand up, we all sta blood-red at each other and laughed as we were out to enjoy ourselves and not let any body spoil our day.On we would go We all rode along a crop filled fields where the power of the wind do an on loss wave where the yield swept side to side. This effect was spoilt though by the sound and look of the nearby motorway, which was built straight through the middle of the acquireland and beautiful scenery which makes me proud to call this tiny street corner of England, I live in, home.As we exited the field we had the first site of the task ahead of us, a giant hill which in any casek us to Richards theatre. On would go our effective faces as we normally treat this hill as a competition to see who can get the furthest up, without putting a foot down and that day wasnt going to be an exception. I rode and rode firstly Jamie regrettably put his foot to ground as the size of the hill overcame him. I fell back a bit just to keep him company as Craig pushed ahead because he doesnt like to lose.The top was in our sight, one last right turn of events and we would be treated to the smell of cattl e from the farm that was really close. Okay maybe treated isnt the right word to use, but this would be the sent that would with child(p) the winner. Craig was the first to the top, but it ended in a draw, he wasnt the only one who managed to get to the top without putting his foot down, I do it as well. I now couldnt wait to get to Richards house to give my legs a rest.At the top of the hill we were able to look across all across Bodmin. From the highest point, where The Beacon stood to the industrial estate where most of the main work in Bodmin took place. The sky didnt look like the sky, but a sea of nothing. It was cloudless with not even a patch of white to be seen.After I had stopped looking across Bodmin I was greeted by the undesirable smell of the farm animals which swept along the cobblestone roads that seemed to act like a funnel directing the scent directly towards us. formerly we had overcome the smell we meandered along the mud layered roads. A farmer passed in his tractor as we turned our last corner and glided down the last hill. We did this is a childish manner nerve-wracking to go as unfaltering as we could and then suddenly turn into the driveway of Richards house.His house is set in a lovely location, a unstinted garden with a pond in the middle, ducks and geese in his back garden along with sheds where the ponys and horses were unbroken. We couldnt see much from his house but if we walked out into the road in front of his house, in that respect are hills in all directions with popcorn like bails of hay scattered around like houses on a Monopoly board.Richard was waiting for us and as soon as he see us came out into his front garden. We talked for a couple minutes, had a drink which was well earned aft(prenominal) the hill we managed to climb earlier, and just before we left got showed the motorised three wheeled bike he and his twin brother had been working on for the past couple weeks.This was it, we were on the last leg in til l we would arrive at our final destination, Respryn. Wed rumble down a small hill and then took our bikes up a narrow stinging nettle filled hidden lane, which turns into a woodland country. The woodland area was packed full of trees, with man made paths for us to struggle ahead on. We had to be careful because there were brambles spurting out in all direction and Jamie would some times squirm aft(prenominal) seeing a spider in its water droplet filled web.I can remember coming through this woodland area before with Richard later a night full of rain. The paths werent any more(prenominal) than a stream of muddy water and swamps that would suck you into the ground at any chance possible. It was impracticable for us to pass, without getting soaked to the skin.We would exit the forest, cross a main road that was deserted with no cars to be seen and then pass a small cottage that had ivy crawling up all the walls in all directions. Straight ahead then Richard would yell at the top of his voice, just to make sure every one knew where to go. We would then act in the same childish manner as before and soar down the unstable country lane road as fast as possibly, just that time taking more care because there was more chance of us move off. Coming down the hill we were able see Respryn in the distance.The river slowly running through the woods and One or both cars on the granite bridge, which had one meter slots in to let horses get out of the way of cars. At the bottom of the hill wed slam our brakes to there full because of a red gate which stands in our way. I get off my bike and open it for the rest to pass and then struggle through myself. The excitement would start to refund as we got closer to Respryn and as we went through the field at the bottom of the hill, we passed a dog walker who smiled politely.We were there, as I looked around I saw a canopy of leaves above, which protect the ground from the sun like an umbrella protects a small child on a beach on a very hot day. This canopy was only disturbed by small gusts of wind or the occasional sparrow or blackbird flying from branch to tree and tree to branch. Even when its raining the ground remained dry because of the thick shelter created by the tree canopy. In some of the very rare gaps there is in the roof, I couldnt see anything apart from a large streak of light that missiles to the ground like a laser streaking from a gun. thither was no noise to be herd apart from a distant barking dog in the background and the nearby stream that runs straight through the woods.As we kept on riding I noticed some of the graffiti carved into the trees. One I saw had the date 1987 on, this was before I was born and made me realise that many children of our age have enjoyed these woods and the streams for many years before us.We rode beside the cascading river for a bit, which on one side has a sea of unconsecrated bells, daffodils and many other plants. On the other is a never ending wood, full of lots of different types of trees and degree Celsiuss of passages that had different explorations in each direction.Here we were, we all stood and stared at a huge island in front of surrounded by the river. Ankle deep on one side and on the over two and a half meters deep, but you have to jump one and a half meters first off the island to reach the water. Last one in is a wimp, I shout so we all ran into the forest in different directions and strip naked. We chucked on our swimming shorts and then ran back to the island leaving our attribute in a safe place apart from one person, Craig, who unsurprisingly, accidentally forgot his swimming shorts and towel.We werent going to let him stop us having fun so we sprinted into the water and got on top of the island. We stopped for a bit and then leaped forward off the island into the crystal clear deep water. The stream has a higher(prenominal) than average current but we still jumped in. As soon as we hit the water, wed all swear and shout because of the shock astir(predicate) how cold the fast flowing river is. Even though it was the middle of summer the water was still freezing because of the canopy stopping the sun heating it up.We quickly swam out and puzzle our breath before doing it again. We went a bit higher up the island this time and then jump of again and again, in till we either get too cold or bored. Once we were this we grab our bags and hopped back onto our bikes. We then rode back through the forest we just came and crossed a small wooden bridge. As usual we stopped and played the classic game from the Winnie the Poo novel Poo sticks which I always win.We rode past some walkers who sounded like there tourists and who make a some unwanted comments about what were doing, we also passed some empty fishing platforms that I sometimes jumped of but today we didnt so we exited the woods.I can remember a couple months before coming to these woods with another(prenominal) friend at night during th e winter. It was totally silent and as black as the hot cocoa I was thinking of having when I got home. Every time there was a flutter in the trees we would look up immediately. We kept on trying to die each other because at night the trees look like people and in pitch black in the middle of the woods, another person isnt soulfulness who you really wanted to see. The atmosphere could have been cut with something less than a knife a blunt pencil would have done the trick. I told my friends about this experience but they just laughed because they couldnt imagine how something so beautiful during the day could become so scary at night.After we left the wood we went to another area of Respryn, it was still part of the woods but you had to go in a different direction to get to it. So we picked up our bikes and took them over a fence, rode through a field of cows and went through a gate. Like earlier we were meet with the same woods but something was different about this one. There wa s less of a canopy but still as elegant and pleasing. After riding on for a bit we came to another area where we going to go swimming. Of came our bags, onto the floor went our bikes and into the river we went.In the corner of my eye I saw a tree, which was drooping over the river so, I got out and climbed it. While I was doing this my friends had realize what I was about to do, I pushed off and plummeted into the water. My friends laughed and I tried to get them to have ago but they werent as mad as I was. twenty dollar bill minutes later we were starting to get cold and fed up of the small flies that came and landed on us, of which we wouldnt notice until they starting biting. They starting arriving in ones and twos, giving us one byte every ten minutes or so but then they came to us like children go to their Grandmas sweet bowl.Once we were all out and dry we slowly started walking back through the woods, which had all the shades of brown and green in one place at once. We came across a few strange bugs and insects that we never new existed.We left Respryn and then headed towards the ancient Lanhydrock house. Up the main driveway we went, which was some five hundred meters long. Its massive gardens where both sides of us, on the left was a giant field of which I crept into once to see a Jazz and Blues concert with Richard and On the right is another field but unlike the other has huge Oak trees and hedgerows in.At the top of the driveway is the actually house, we didnt want to go in but to go to the court yard around the back where we could get a delicious proper Cornish dairy ice-cream. Our bikes were locked up in the designated area for the bikes, we quickly used the toilets and then walked over to the caf where the ice-cream shop was. We got our ice cream and then sat on a hill that looked over Respryn and into the surrounding countryside. Our minds were more focused on the French teenagers playing in the gardens and of course our ice creams. We played around with the French teenagers for a wile talking to them and trying to get them confused, at one point I think we told them My dog gave birth to a herd of donkeys.We finished our ice creams and then decided it was time to leave so we peddled up to another exit of the house and back onto the main road. Richard headed in one direction and had to master the hill that we had, on the way to his house in the morning wile Jamie, Craig and I travelled straight across the road into the Crop fields that we visited earlier in the day. We then retraced our steps home and said good bye to each other. It was the endAll I need to do now is wait for the phone to suddenly ring on a normal day in the summer holidays. My friends and I would then be off to Respryn.

Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture

Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture by Bernard M. Bass , Bruce J. Avolio The organizations culture develops in large disrupt from its leadinghip while the culture of an organization can also affect the development of its leadership. For example, transactional leaders work within their organizational cultures following existing rules, procedures, and norms transformational leaders change their culture by first understanding it and then realigning the organizations culture with a new wad and a re dream of its shared assumptions, values, and norms (Bass, 1985).Effective organizations enquire both tactical and strategic thinking as well as culture building by its leaders. Strategic thinking helps to create and build the vision of an agencys future. The vision can emerge and move forward as the leader constructs a culture that is dedicated to supporting that vision. The culture is the setting within which the vision takes hold. In turn, the vision may also determine the characteristics of the organizations culture.Transformational leaders have been characterized by quatern separate components or characteristics denoted as the 4 Is of transformational leadership (Avolio, Waldman, and Yammarino (1991). These four factors include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Transformational leaders integrate creative insight, persistence and energy, intuition and sensitivity to the needs of others to forge the strategy-culture alloy for their organizations. In contrast, transactional leaders are characterized by contingent reward and management-by-exception styles of leadership.Essentially, transactional leaders develop exchanges or agreements with their followers, pointing out what the followers will receive if they do something right as well as wrong. They work within the existing culture, framing their decisions and action based on the operative norms and procedures characterizing their respective organizations. In a highly advanced(a) and satisfying organizational culture we are likely to see transformational leaders who build on assumptions such as people are trustworthy and purposive everyone has a unique contribution to make and complex problems are handled at the lowest level possible.Leaders who build such cultures and articulate them to followers typically exhibit a sense of vision and purpose. They align others around the vision and empower others to take greater responsibility for achieving the vision. Such leaders facilitate and study followers. They foster a culture of creative change and growth rather than one which maintains the status quo. They take personal responsibility for the development of their followers. Their followers consort under the assumption that all organizational members should be developed to their full potential.

Concept of Kinship in Africa Essay

The subject of conventional family patterns in Africa is so broad that it cannot be adequately addressed by legion(predicate) scholars. The cultural and physical diversity added with the dramatic social changes of the net three decades on the continent makes the family pattern situation so variegated as to go any sweeping generalizations. This difficulty in generalization b champion of diversity was already app bent to many aboriginal scholars of the African traditionalisticistic family.This essay get out briefly explore traditional African family patterns explaining the concept of family relationship in Africa, the differences and similarities between direct and matrilinear families systems. Kinship is the web of relationships woven by family and pairing. conventional relations of kinship accommodate affected the lives of African people and ethnic groups by determining what land they could farm, whom they could marry, and their status in their communities.Although dif ferent cultures have acknowledge various kinds of kinship, traditional kinship gener tout ensembley means much more than blood ties of a family or household. It includes a network of responsibilities, privileges, and support in which individuals and families ar expected to fill certain roles. In modern Africa social and economic changes have begun to loosen the ties of traditional kinship, especially in the cities. But these ties still find a large part in the everyday lives of many Africans (coser 1974). The basis of kinship, in Africa as elsewhere, is crepuscle from an ancestor.The most widespread descent group is cognise as the clan, which can be either patrilineal or matrilineal. The members of the former type of clan comprise all those who are born from a virtuoso founding ancestor through the mannish line only those of the latter comprise all those born from a hit founding ancestor or ancestress through the female line only. Patriliny is far more greenness in Africa than matriliny, which is limited mainly to parts of Zambia and Malawi, in central Africa, and to Ghana and Ivory Coast, in western Africa.Regardless of the means of descent, authority in the family and elsewhere is always formally held by men therefore, men have domestic authority in both patrilineal and matrilineal families (formal matriarchy is unknown in Africa). Clans, which are rarely corporate units in Africa, are clusters of kin who claim a single common ancestry save can rarely, if ever, trace the actual think of descent. Usually clans are exogamous units and may recognize various ritual prohibitions, much(prenominal) as taboos on certain foods, which give them a sense of unity and of distinctiveness from new(prenominal)s (Bell & Vogel 1960).According to stephens (1982) Clans are typically segmented into constituent groups, with each group recognizing a founding ancestor more recent than the clan founder these are known in the literature as agate lines, one of the cri teria for a lineage being that its memberspatrilineal or matrilinealcan trace actual kinship links between themselves. Lineages may themselves be segmented into smaller units, the smallest typically being the group around which a domestic family is established.Such a family (if patrilineal) includes the husband and his children, all members of the small lineage, and his married woman, who by the rule of exogamy must number from an early(a) clan Almost every African society has some form of descent group, however transitory, as the basis of its social organization. The recognition of these variations of communicable descent is an effective way of constructing local groups that can last for severaloften for manygenerations and in which the secretive-knit ties of kinship provide powerful links through the notion of common blood.By claiming exclusive ancestry, such a group can claim exclusive rights to clan and lineage property. Marriages between their members, by the rule of exoga my, cement them into larger communities and societies, each possessing its own sense of common ethnic and cultural break downing. Although these traditional forms of family and kinship are lessening in importance, with the chronic need for urban and industrialized labor and the consequent increase in labor migration, the strength of kin groups remains great.They are well suited to traditional forms of ware and exchange where these are found (which is still the case among the majority of African peoples), and they provide a sense of personal identity and security that is of last emotive value (Bell & Vogel 1960). Kinship and marriage are nearly linked in several ways. On one level, kinship rules may determine marriage partners. In this respect, North African and sub-Saharan societies differ widely.North African peoples encourage marriage within a group, often a kinship group. traditionalisticly, the pattern marriage is between cousins, including the children of two brothers. Among the Bedouin, for example, a boy has the right to marry his fathers brothers daughter. Although she can refuse the cousins proposal, she needs his permission to marry someone else (Barnes 1951). Most lineage groups in sub-Saharan Africa, in contrast, favor marriage international the group. As a result, kinship is not limited strictly to lineage.An individual has important ties with two different kin groups, the mothers and the fathers. Such ties often extend outside the village or community, offering certain advantages. If a community suffers from drought, war, disease, food shortages, or other disasters, for example, its members may go to live with kin in other areas. Marriage and kinship are also linked by customs governing the transfer of property between and within kin groups. The most common form of such transfer in Africa is called bridewealth.This is a gift from the groom or his family to the brides family, often in livestock but sometimes in money or other forms of we alth. Some hunter-gatherer societies follow the custom of bride service, which involves the groom moving to the home of his wifes family and hunting or working for his parents-in-law (Stephens1982). Traditional African kinship is a cooperative relationship between household members and members of the larger lineage group. It involves a set of social obligations and expectations that ensures that no one faces disaster alone.In societies without welfare services provided by a central government, kinship provides a safety net for individualsorphans, widows, the elderly, the disabled, and divorced womenwho lack an immediate household to trouble for them. Although kinship relations have grown weakerespecially in the citiesthey continue to serve this function. For example, African kinfolk may support women and children while their husbands are away, mayhap by helping paying school fees or other expenses. Extended ties of kinship remain a vital part of brio in coetaneous Africa.Descent rules define socially recognized kin groups by tracing connections through chains of parent-child ties. A society may focus exclusively on connections traced through the male parent (patrilineal) or through the female parent (matrilineal). When descent is patrilineal, the descent group is composed of people of either knowledgeable activity whose fathers sound to the group. Siblings belong to the descent group of their father, but their mother belongs to a different descent group, the group to which her father belongs.Therefore, a mans children will belong to his descent group, but a womans children will not belong to her descent group. Analogously, if descent is matrilineal, siblings belong to the mothers group but their father does not. A womans children will belong to her descent group, but a mans children will not belong to his (Schapera 1971). lineal is a system in which descent is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors. Matrilineal is also a societal system in wh ich one belongs to ones matriline or mothers lineage, which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles.Matrilineal descent, which traces lineage through mothers, exists in many African societies based on farming, especially in central Africa. Among the Bemba people of Zambia, mothers own the fields and pass them on to their daughters. Among the Bemba people of Northern Zambia, marriage is matrilocal. That is to say a man goes to live in his wifes village, at any rate for the first years of his married life. This is also true of marriage among other Zambian tribes comparable the Bisa, Lala, Lamba, Chewa, Kaonde, and many others.Among the Chewa of east Zambia, the custom of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as Ukamwini (Barnes 1951). Societies with matrilineal social organization are not necessarily ruled by women. Some peoples who trace descent through women give political authority to men. In certain cultures men traditionally go to live with their mothers brothers, while women move to their husbands villages. Thus the men remain together, while the women through whom they trace descent are spread among the population.Because the men generally remain in the community, they have greater authority. Power and authority in matrilineal societies ultimately lies in the woman and her brother. As such children at an early age learn that their father has little authority or tariff for them. The father knows that his children are not his ultimate responsibility but his babys children. Meanwhile the man and her married sister do not live in one locality, as they must give their marriages. Some scholars have suggested that this arrangement might be fraught with potential social problems and conflict (Bell & Vogel 1960).More so than a patrilineal household where all the people charged with authority over the children potentially live in one household. Overall, there are two forms of social groups that from the basis of Be mba marriage and traditional family. First, there is the local unit of matrilocal marriage consisting of a man, his wife, his married daughters and their husbands and children, second, the matrilineal descent group which consists of maternal relatives and ancestors traced back to several generations. These constitute the core of the Bemba traditional African family around which the social organization of the raditional society revolves.Both form the basis of the political structure of the tribe since the matrilocal extended family is the nucleus of the Bemba village although many other elements may be added to it, and succession to all political offices is fixed by the rule of matrilineal descent (Yizenge 1988). A larger proportion of Zambian families are matrilineal than are patrilineal in organization. Within the countrys nine provinces, most households in the four provinces of Central, Northwestern, Luapula, and Copperbelt are matrilineal.The Namwanga and the Ngoni in the Eastern province, the Lozi in the Western, and the ILA in the Southern province are patrilineal. These groups are also patrilocal. That is, after marriage, the couple lives in the husbands family house or close to his fathers household. Daily activities such as eating and educating the young are seldom conducted in the privacy of ones house. Zambian villages have a central place governing the village. This place is called Insaka or Nsaka. In the matrilineal villages, the Insakas are located at the village center (Yizenge 1988).This matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the more common modern pattern of patrilineal descent from which a Family name is usually derived. Patrilineal descent emphasizes the male side of the family, tracing relationships through the generations from fathers to their children. Patrilineal descent is common among pastoral societies. Because Islam arose among pastoral people in Arabia in the A. D. 600s, Islamic law tends to reflect patrilineal practices. For example, male children are favored over females in inheriting a fathers property.This and other aspects of patrilineal social organization can be found among the ARABS, BERBERS, and other Islamic peoples of North Africa. Many other pastoral groups, including the Nuer of SUDAN and the ZULU and Swazi of southern Africa, are patrilineal (Schapera 1971). One feature of social life in Africas patrilineal societies is the close relationship between a man andhissisters sonhis nephew. Anthropologists call this relationship the avunculate, and in African cultures it may require the uncle to give his best cattle to his nephew or to accept teasing from the nephew.A brother might also be expected to support his sisters children or to participate in the rituals that mark the stages of their lives. In southern Africa, where the avunculate is common, a boys uncle on his mothers side may be called his male mother in recognition of this special link. In some groups the opposite relationship occurs, with a boys fathers sisterhis auntseen as an authority figure called the female father. The Tsonga (Thonga) of Mozambique and the Nama of Namibia are some of the best examples of groups that practice the avunculate, although neither group follows the custom as closely as it did in the past.In patrilineal cultures when a marriage occurs the wife becomes part of her husbands family, and if you have family names in such a culture, it becomes natural for the wife to take her husbands family name. There may be a sense in such cultures that both the husband and wife are really part of each others families now, but since descent is reckoned by the male line, there is a greater sense that the wife is part of the husbands family rather than visa versa (Yizenge 1988). These are the reasons that the custom exists sociologically, but the origins of the custom tended to be obscured in the minds of many.When radical feminism came along, it wanted to radically tinker with the sexual status quo, t o smash traditional gender roles, and even to call into question the institution of the nuclear family. (Im talking about radical feminism, mind you, not moderate feminism that merely wanted better treatment for women. ) Doing away with the historical naming conventions would serve those goals (as well as making it harder to keep track of who is related to whom, thus undermining the family), and so not taking the husbands name became a symbol of defiance against traditional values.though there are some differences in these two societies matrilineal and patrilineal, there are some similarities which both societies perform as families. A Zambian family, like families elsewhere, can be ideal of as a group. The most important duties of this group are to reproduce, nurture, and educate the young to become productive members of the family and the society at large. This training process is also referred to as socialization. The head of the Zambian family can either be the father or a mate rnal uncle. If it is a maternal uncle, the mother, more than the father, caprioles a crucial role in decision making within the family.These matrilineal families are very common in Zambia. In matrilineal families, the authority and power to make decisions rests with the mother and her relatives. In some family types, the father is the decision maker. These patterns of authority and power are passed from one generation to the next in Zambia (Coser 1974). The stable satisfaction of sex needs is the Primary and essential function of family in these societies. Sex instinct is the natural urge of human being. The satisfaction of this need requires that both male and female should live together as life partners.It is the family where the husband and wife can satisfy their sex instincts easily and comfortably. Without family the satisfaction of sex need is almost socially quite impossible. A family not only satisfies but also provides the appropriate mechanism through marriage to regulate sexual behaviour of husband and wife (Coser 1974) Reproduction or procreation is another essential function of family in both matrilineal and patrilineal familities. The family along with regulate the sexual behaviour in relation to the satisfaction of sexual needs secures a legitimate basis for procreation.Since the inception of family, it has been performing this fundamental function. This function of family contributes to the persistency of family and ultimately perpetuates the human race as a whole. Protection and assist of the children is another essential function of family. It is regarded as an institution par excellence for the production and rearing of children. It is true that no other institution can take required care of the child like family. The child at birth is stark(a) helpless and cannot survive at all without the help of the family.It is the family which provides care, protection, security (Physical, mental) and fulfils all other needs to make him fit in the s ociety. Family is one of the primary agents of socialization. Family members indoctrinate the child the norms, value morals, beliefs and ideals of society. In the family the children first learn what is good and bad, what is right and wrong. They develop specific habits, traits of character, attitudes and values. The senior members of the family pass the family culture to the new generation thought socialization process. Thus, family acts an instrument of culture transmission.In both societies childhood is the socialization of the child in readiness for adulthood. This is sexual differentiation in socialization in which girls will become acceptable mothers and wives and boys husbands and fathers. Children are expected to help in minor household tasks. Boys herd goats, cows, and livestock. They also perform light duties for relatives. Girls at an early age are taught a wide range of household and agricultural duties including cooking, cultivation and tending children. Girls, in dist inction to boys, seldom have time to play games (Stephens 1982). Family makes a provision of a home or a common habitation for its embers. Here both husband and if live together for procreation, protection and care of the children. It is a place of multifarious activities. All the members of the family depend on home for comfort, protection and peace. It is that institution which provides the mental or the emotional satisfaction. Members of the family exchange their love, sympathy and union among themselves. Fostering is common in both societies. When couples fail to have children, they often become shelter parents. It is also very common among siblings to foster care that is, children are fostered by aunts and uncles.A survey of households in Kitwe, the second largest city in Zambia, found that about 14 percent of all children aged fourteen and younger, and nearly 18 percent of children aged to ten to fourteen years were not living with their parents (Ahmed 1996). The estimates o f the extent of fostering in other African countries, such as Ghana, are much higher. Often fostered children are considered and treated as though they are biological offspring. When families are forced to adopt children following some misfortune, foster children may become victims of abuse and neglect.This chapter only focused on the matrilineal and patrilineal African traditional family patterns because they seem representative of the broad patterns that exists on the continent. It must be emphasized, however, that these were traditional patterns as far back as late 1800s up to as late as 1960s. The dramatic social changes in Africa during the last three decades of political independence from European colonialism have obviously affected the traditional family. And from our explanation it can be seen that the society some one belongs to dictate his or her life this is because each society has its norms and believes.

Renting Versus Buying a Home

Renting versus buying a sign, what are the pros and cons? I In todays economy, rental is a better election for some families. With the downfall of the economy and the loss of so many jobs, contract a home is a less(prenominal) expensive way for some individuals. Either families had to sell or foreclosure was the only option they had when the economy took the downward turn. Therefore, renting a home became the nigh convenient option available to those families hit hard from the economic change. One of the most important ideas to keep in sagacity when looking for a new home is, is this a suitable place.They always have to think about, where the kids testament go to school, is this neighborhood safe, and most important will they be happy living here. There are some positive nones to renting versus buying a home. However, there are some cons likewise. II The pros to renting a home cigaret be positive. The cost to renting a home is typically less expensive than buying a home. Their monthly rent is less expensive than mortgage payments, and they will not have to pay any position taxes. Property taxes will be the shoes owners expense.They will also have the ease of moving. If they choose to move, they will not have to worry about having to sell their home. If they point out a lease, they do-nothing move after their lease has expired. One other pro to renting weed be the fact that they will neer have to worry about paying for any aliment or repairs. This will be the property owners expenses as long as the tenant was not broken-down and caused any of the problems. The security deposit that they pay upon moving in is what takes care of things that may have happened age living in the home.This is where the property owner will subtract monies when renter moves out for wear on the home. III There are always cons to renting versus buying a home. When renting a home they will not have any equity in the home. They are paying for something that they will n ever own. Some people feel that when they rent they are middling throwing away money or just helping the property owner buy their property. This is true as this is typically, why people buy homes. They admit the mortgage payments from their renters that it is also their means of making money also.Property owners are their own bosses and some do not have normal jobs, this is their means of supporting their families. Renters also have to face that there can be rental increases also. They may sign a lease but when the lease expires, the property owner may choose to increase the rent. One other con to renting is the restrictions that property owners may place. This can be whether they can have pets, paint the walls a different color, or make any changes to the plate in which they are living without prior consent from the property owner.The positive to all of this That renting is a better way of living in todays economy. Yes, there are some positives and negatives but the positives with renting outweigh the negatives. Most property owners will help renters with things that will make them more easygoing but within reason. The renters just need to have an open mind and talk to the owners. Most property owners will bend as long as the tenants talk to them in advance and are uncoerced to pay for things such as painting an inside wall to a different color, or set things that will make the place more pleasing.Things like this will only increase the value of the home, and if the property owner does not have to pay for it, then they are more than likely to allow somethings within reason. I choose this type of outline because it was a more professional layout. I entangle it had an easier feel to it and was a nice layout. I was able to use this outline and still get most of my material in. I also was able to have my topic sentences stated clear, and with all the supporting points in the proper places. This to me was a better outline to follow.

Job Description Essay

In to solar days air market in that location are a lot of demands from employers. The business environment is constantly changing. Your knowledge, skills and abilities study to be able to meet the demands of the undertaking market. Showcasing yourself and the familiarity and the experience with the procedure detail of the job is very important The hypothesize Analysis. Goes hand in hand with a job comment. A job description identifies characteristics of the job to be performed in terms of the tasks, duties and responsibilities to be fulfilled. (Youssef, 2010).It is basically a snapshot of a job. The job description ineluctably to communicate clearly and concisely the responsibilities and tasks. (Lindenberger,2011) There are a lot of people competing for the same job. in the end who gets hired depends on the most qualified applicant. I would use a job description to suck in sure I get the most qualified somebody for the job. The individual job fit has to be right has to defi nitely be compatible. Your skill highlights and the ability to successfully perform the job is a chance on factor. I would use a competency-based analysis.The authorization employee definitely has to be competent enough to perform the qualities and requirements need to effectively carry out a job like mines. My job description was to me very detailed. It was around intimidating at first just now once I got hired, I understood why. I am currently working as Assistant payment worker for the State of Michigan. The tasks and responsibilities is what my job duty requires of me from day to day. Which was very much detailed. It is assisting clients with getting the help they may need and providing resources for them.I assist clients help with Food, Shelter and medical resources. I often go above and beyond what my tasks and responsibilities that are needed of me, because of my human character I often feel sorry to see what people nurse to go through in this world. Sometimes in the j ob description you will see what the responsibilities include moreover are not limited too. So I would want someone dedicated to what there job is, but to a fault a team player and dont mind going the unneeded mile. In the end its all or so customer service. The tools and technology used are similarly a key factor.Most jobs often require training once hired. But you at least(prenominal) need the basic skills of using computer software. Educational requirements would also be very important on a job analysis. A degree is preferred most of the time when applying for any job in the business field. If not a degree it is important to me, to at lease have a veritable amount of college credits. Which is what needed to obtain my job. In order to gain some valuable information about candidates, there are different selection rules that should be used.Selection methods can narrow down potential candidates. (Youseef,2010) The approach and selection method I would use is testing, I think i s a good method to use, especially when there are so many applicants applying for the same position. Testing will help to devolve clients that are not qualified for the job. Testing will reveal how much knowledge a someone has with general competency and knowledge needed for the job. The scores will tell it all. The Interview method is also another good method I would consider.Almost any job you apply for, you will have to have an interview, weather its in person or over the telephone. I have to interview clients customary at my current job, to see if the fit the qualifications of receiving assistance. Being able to look at a person, and have direct interaction is important. When questions are being asked it will sometimes portray how honest a person is. You can tell by the body language or sometimes how directly a person answers a question if they are being truthful or not.It will show confidence. However there are different types of interviews. The one I would use is a panel di scussion interview, which is having several interviewers inquire questions. That can sometimes make a person really nervous. I know I was, but again if you have the skills and knowledge to prove it, then it shouldnt be a problem A job description is just what it says, it describes the job. As a competitive employee, make sure you fit that description the best you can.